美国总统选举制度

美国总统选举制度美国实行总统制，总统选举每四年举行一次。美国总统选举制度复杂，过程漫长。选举的主要程序包括预选、各党召开全国代表大会确定总统候选人、总统候选人竞选、全国选民投票选出总统“选举人”、“选举人”成立选举人团投票表决正式选举总统和当选总统就职典礼等几个阶段。预选是美国总统选举的第一阶段，通常从大选年的年初开始，到年中结束。预选有两种形式，分别是政党基层会议和直接预选。前者是指两党在各州自下而上，从选举点、县、选区到州逐级召开代表会议，最终选出本党参加全国代表大会的代表。后者在形式上如同普选，一个州的两党选民同一天到投票站投票选出本党参加全国代表大会的代表，这是大多数州目前采用的预选方式。预选结束后，两党通常将分别在七、八月份召开全国代表大会。会议的主要任务是最终确定本党总统、副总统候选人，并讨论通过总统竞选纲领。全国代表大会之后，总统竞选活动便正式拉开帷幕。这一过程一般要持续８至９周。在此期间，两党总统候选人将耗费巨资，穿梭于全国各地，进行广告大战、发表竞选演说、会见选民、召开记者招待会以及进行公开辩论。此外，候选人还将通过多种形式阐述对国内外事务的政策主张，以赢得选民信任，争取选票。全国选民投票在选举年１１月份的第一个星期一后的第一个星期二举行（２００８年是１１月４日），这一天被称为总统大选日。所有美国选民都到指定地点进行投票，在两个总统候选人之间作出选择（在同一张选票上选出各州的总统“选举人”）。一个（党的）总统候选人在一个州的选举中获得多数取胜，他就拥有这个州的全部总统“选举人”票，这就是全州统选制。全国选民投票日也叫总统大选日。由于美国总统选举实行“选举人团”制度，因此总统大选日的投票结果，产生的实际上是代表５０个州和哥伦比亚特区的５３８位“选举人”。另外，在总统大选日，选民还要在联邦范围内进行参议院和众议院选举。根据美国１７８７年宪法，两院议员由各州选民直接选举产生。选举人票的数量，体现州权平等原则，根据各州在国会的议员数量而定。例如，每个州都在国会有２名参议员和至少１名众议员，所以，任何州都至少有３票。但人口多的大州，除了这３票以外，众议员人数越多，选举人票数也就越多。１９６１年，美国宪法修正案批准华盛顿特区可以像州一样有总统选举人。这样，美国国会有１００参议员（任期６年，每两年改选三分之一）、４３５名众议员（任期两年，期满后全部改选），加上华盛顿哥伦比亚特区的３票，总统选举人票总共为５３８票。一位候选人赢得的选举人票超过总数的一半（２７０张），即当选总统。真正的总统选举是在１２月第二个星期三之后的第一个星期一举行（２００８年是１２月１５日）。届时，各州和哥伦比亚特区被推选出的“选举人”将前往各州的首府进行投票。获２７０张选票以上的候选人将当选总统，并于次年１月２０日宣誓就职。AmericanpresidentialelectionsystemTheUSimplementsthepresidentialsystem,thepresidentialelectionisheldonceeveryfouryears.TheAmericanpresidentialelectionsystemiscomplex,theprocessislong.Theelectionmainprogramincludingthepreelection,variouspartiesconvenestheNationalPeople'sCongresstodeterminethatthepresidentialcandidate,thepresidentialcandidatecampaignedfor,thenationalvotertovoteselectspresident“theelector”,“theelector”establishmentelectoralcollegevotingbyballotelectspresidentandpresident-electofficiallytheinaugurationandsoonseveralstages.ThepreelectionistheAmericanpresidentialelectionfirststage,usuallyfromthepresidentialyearthebeginningoftheyearstart,finishedtotheyear.Thepreelectionhastwoforms,respectivelyisthepoliticalpartybasicunitconferenceandthedirectprimary.Theformerisreferstotwopartiesinvariousstatesfrombottomtotop,fromrepresentstheconferencetheelectionspot,thecounty,theelectoraldistricttothestateprogressiveconvention,selectsrepresentativewhofinallythispartyparticipatesintheNationalPeople'sCongress.Thelatterformallyissimilartoageneralelection,astate'sselectsrepresentativewhotwopartyvotersamedaytothepollingboothvotingthispartyparticipatesintheNationalPeople'sCongress,thisisthepreelectionwaywhichmajoritystatesuseatpresent.Afterthepreelectionhadended,twopartiesseparatelywillusuallyconveneinJulyandAugusttheNationalPeople'sCongress.Conference'sprimarymissionisdeterminedfinallythispartypresident,vicepresidentthecandidate,anddiscussesthroughthepresidentialelectionguidingprinciple.AfterNationalPeople'sCongress,presidentialelectionthenofficiallyopens.Thisprocessmustcontinuegenerallyfrom8to9weeks.,Twopartypresidentialcandidatewillconsumethelargeamountofmoney,shuttlesbackandforthintheland,carriesontheadvertisementwar,thepublicationcampaignspeech,tomeetwiththevoter,toholdthepressconferenceaswellastocarryontheopendebate.Inaddition,thecandidatethroughmanykindsofformswillalsoelaboratethatadvocatedtothedomesticandforeignbusiness'spolicy,winsthevotertotrust,winsovertheballot.ThenationalvotervoteselectionyearNovember'sfirstMonday'slaterfirstholds(2008onTuesdayisonNovember4),thisdayiscalledthepresidentialelectiondate.AllAmericanvotersarriveattheassignedlocationtocarryonthevoting,makesthechoicebetweentwopresidentialcandidates(presidentwhoselectsvariousstatesinidenticalballot“elector”).(Party)thepresidentialcandidateobtainsthemostwinsinastate'selection,hehasthisstatecompletepresident“theelector”theticket,thisistheQuanzhouserieschoosesthesystem.Thenationalvoterpollingdayisalsocalledthepresidentialelectiondate.BecausetheAmericanpresidentialelectionimplements“theelectoralcollege”thesystem,thereforethepresidentialelectiondate'svotingresult,producesinfactisrepresents50statesandDistrictofColumbia538“theelector”.Moreover,inthepresidentialelectiondate,thevotermustcarryonSenateandtheHouseofRepresentativesinthefederalscopeelects.AccordingtotheUSin1787constitution,twocourtyardcongressmenbyvariousstatesvoterdirectelectionproduction.Electorticket'squantity,manifeststhestatepowerequalrule,quantitydecidesaccordingtovariousstatesinCongress'scongressman.Forexample,eachstatehas2senatorsinCongressandatleast1memberofthehouseofrepresentatives,therefore,anystateatleasthas3tickets.Butpopulationmanybigstates,besidesthis3tickets,thememberofthehouseofrepresentativespopulationaremore,theelectornumberofvotesarealsomore.in1961,theUSconstitutionalamendmentauthorizedWashingtonD.C.tobepossibleXiangzhoutohavepresidentequallytheelector.Thus,theUnitedStatesCongresshas100senators(tenureinoffice6years,everytwoyearsre-elects1/3),435membersofthehouseofrepresentatives(tenureinofficetwoyears,afterexpiring,reelection,theWashingtonDistrictofColumbia's3tickets,presidenttheelectorticketaltogetheris538ticketsinadditioncompletely).Acandidatewinstheelectorticketsurpassesthetotalhalf(270),namelypresident-elect.Thegenuinepresi