How-to-Write-an-Abstract

Topic6HowtoWriteanAbstractI.DefinitionofabstractII.FunctionofabstractIII.ContentsofabstractIV.SuggestionsforabstractwritingV.KeywordswritingI.Whatisanabstract?Abstractisashortdescriptionoftheentirepaperthatappearsrightatthebeginningofthebodypartanditisoftenregardedasthemostimportantcomponentinaresearchpaper.II.Whatisthefunctionofanabstract?Anabstractisusedbypotentialreaderstodetermineitsrelevancetotheirinterestandfinallytodecidewhetherornothe/sheneedstoreadtheentirepaper.III.ContentsofabstractTopicspecificationBackgroundinformationPurposestatementMethodologyanddataResults/findingsImplication/ConclusionThe3KeyElementsinanAbstractA.Thestatementofpurposeaboutyourresearch;B.Themethodofyourresearch;C.Theconclusionofyourresearch.IV.SuggestionsforabstractwritingA.Inwritingyourabstract,theheadingsofoutline,tableofcontents,introductionpartandconclusionpartareusefulsectionsforyoutoconsult;B.Yourabstractmaycontainonlyoneortwoparagraphswithin200words.C.Whenyouintroducethepurposeofyourresearch,simplepresenttenseiscommonlyused;whenyoudescribethemethodsofresearchortheresults,pasttenseisthebestchoice.D.Whenwritingabstract,trytousemorepassiveverbstodownplaytheauthorandemphasizetheinformation.E.Usingsomespecialverbsandexpressionswhenwritingyourabstractsuchasdiscuss,aim,attempt,intend,explore,examine,dealwith,focuson…whenyouintroducethepurpose;indicate,offer,show,reveal,prove,demonstrate,contribute,bringabout,…whenmakingconclusion.F.Avoidusingthefirstperson“I”or“we”,butmorethirdpersonasthesubjectinanabstractsuchas“theauthor”,“theresearcher”,“thepaper”,“thestudy”,etc.ExamplesTheauthortellsabout…Thewriterdescribes…Thispaperexplores…Thepresentstudyevaluates…Thisthesisdealswith…G.Avoidusingabbreviationsandsymbols.Followconventionalgrammarandpunctuationrules.Theexclamationmarkisneverusedandthequestionmarkisseldomusedinanabstract.Samplesoftense,voice,subjectandverbsusedinabstractsThispaperanalyzesvariouspossiblefactorswhichaffectsthedevelopmentofreadingability.Theemphasisofthisstudyliesinspecifyingtheproblemsandtheircausesintheprocedureof…Theauthorcollectedaconsiderableamountofdataanddidsomeresearchintothedesignofreadingcomprehensionexercises.Itwasrecommendedthat…Sampleswereanalyzedand…V.KeywordsWritingA.Thefunctionofkeywordsistofacilitatetheinformationretrievalandstressthethemeofthepaper;B.Keywordsareusuallyintheformofnounsornounphrases;C.Thenumberofkeywordsforapapershouldbelimitedto4astheaverageandingeneral,thereshouldbeatleast2andatmost8keywords;D.Thekeywordsofapaperusuallycomefromthetopicand/ortheabstractwheretheyarecommonlycontained;E.Usecommaorsemicolontoseparatethekeywords,andlargerseparationorspacecanalsobeusedinsteadofthosetwokindsofpunctuation.Conclusion摘要是整个论文的缩影,读者可以通过它看到论文的梗概;关键词则是这个缩影的“主线条”,读者从中可以找到论文的主题.摘要虽然放在论文正文之前,然而撰写摘要必须在论文正文完成之后才能进行;摘要必须忠实于论文的内容,反映论文的主题,勾划出论文的主要观点;摘要必须文字精炼,简明扼要.SamplesofabstractandkeywordsSample1Topic:TheAbilitytoInterpretChineseCultureinEnglish:ASurveyanditsReflection(对中国文化英语表达能力的调查及其启示)Abstract:Theauthorfocusesontheimportancetointroducetheculturalknowledgeofbothtargetlanguageandnativelanguageinforeignlanguageteachingandlearning.AtestsurveyrevealedthatEFLlearnershavepoorabilitytopresentChinesecultureinEnglishduetodeficiencyoftheinputofChinesecultureandthepaperproposedthatmoreChinesecultureknowledgeshouldbepresentedinEnglishinordertoimprovelearners’abilityoftwo-sidecross-culturecommunication.Keywords:Chineseculture;Englishteachingandlearning;EnglishexpressionSample2Topic:AdvertisementEnglishanditsTranslation(广告英语及其翻译)Abstract:Theworldeconomyisgrowingatanunprecedentedspeed,whichacceleratestheflourishoftheadvertisementindustry.ThispaperintendstomakeacomprehensiveanalysisofthefunctionsandfeaturesofadvertisementEnglishandalsoacarefulstudyofhowtotranslateadvertisementfromEnglishtoChineseorviceversatorealizeitsaimofpublicizingproductsandpromotingsales.Keywords:advertisementEnglish;feature;function;translationQuestionstobediscussed:Whatisanabstractandwhyisitusefulforreaders?Whatisthebasiccontentinanabstract?Whyarekeywordsimportantandhowdoyouselectkeywords?HomeworkforReading第2章研究论文的摘要部分Chapter2Howtowriteanabstractforaresearchpaper