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1常用有机溶剂性质粘度(20℃)/mPa·s;—介电常数名称沸点密度粘度波长极性ET(30)介电分子量溶解性水1001126810.263.158.818二甲亚砜1892.242687.24548.978.14DMSO能与水、醇、醚、丙酮、乙醛、吡啶、乙酸乙酯等混溶,不溶于乙炔以外的脂肪烃化合物乙二醇1971.115519.92106.956.326.3362.07与水/乙醇/丙酮/醋酸甘油吡啶等混溶,微溶于醚等,不溶于石油烃及油类.能够溶解氯化锌/氯化钠/碳酸钾/氯化钾/碘化钾/氢氧化钾等无机物.甲醇64.90.79140.62106.655.532.632.04溶于水、乙醇、乙醚、苯等二甲基甲酰胺152.80.922706.443.836.7173.10能和水及大部分有机溶剂互溶,是高沸点的极性(亲水性)非质子性溶剂,能促进SN2反应机构的进行苯胺1844.4-6.344.36.98乙酸1181.282306.251.96.19乙腈81.10.372106.24637.541.05相对密度0.79,与水混溶,溶于醇等多数有机溶剂硝基甲烷1010.67330646.338.6丙酮56.50.323305.442.220.558.08与水、乙醇、氯仿、乙醚及多种油类混溶吡啶1150.973055.340.212.3二恶烷;二氧六环1021.041.542204.8362.2188.11与水混溶,可混溶于多数有机溶剂2-丁酮800.80540.433304.572.11甲基乙基酮能溶于4份水中,但温度升高时溶解度降低,20℃时,水中溶解度26.8%(w),水在2-丁酮中的溶解度11.8%(w)。溶于乙醇和乙醚,可与油混溶。与水形成共沸物,其沸点74.3℃,含丁酮88.7%。在空气中的爆炸极限1.97%-10.1%(v)氯仿61.20.572454.439.14.7119.39微溶于水,能与醇、醚、苯等有机溶剂及油类混溶乙酸乙酯77.00.452604.3038.16.0388.1能与水、乙醇、乙醚、丙酮及氯仿等混溶异丙醇820.785052.372104.348.618.360.07溶于水、醇、醚、苯、氯仿等多数有机溶剂。与水能形成共沸物。四氢呋喃660.88920.552204.237.47.58溶于水、乙醇、乙醚、脂肪烃、芳香烃、氯化烃、丙酮、苯等有机溶剂甲基异丁酮119-3304.22名称沸点密度粘度波长极性ET(30)介电分子量溶解性丙醇97.202.27210450.719.760.09与水、乙醇、乙醚等混溶正丙醇982.27210450.719.7乙酸丁酯126-2544正丁醇1172.952103.750.217.7二氯甲烷39.81.3260.432453.441.18.9能与醇、醚、氯仿、苯、二硫化碳等有机溶剂混容。二氯甲烷在20℃时于水中溶解2.0%;25℃时水在二氯甲烷中溶解为0.17%。二氯甲烷能溶解生物碱、油脂、橡胶、树脂、纤维素酯等。与醇、醚或酯组成的搀和溶剂溶解才能增大。苯80.10.65280334.52.2778.11微溶于水和醇,能与乙醚、氯仿及油等混溶异丁醇1084.7220318.7氯苯1320.8-2.737.55.61二甲苯137-1400.652902.5106.16不溶于水,与无水乙醇、乙醚、三氯甲烷等混溶甲苯110.60.592852.433.92.3892.12不溶于水,能与多种有机溶剂混溶丙醚680.372202.4乙醇78.50.78931.6951.924.346.07能与水、苯、醚等许多有机溶剂相混溶。与水混溶后体积缩小四氯化碳76.70.972651.632.52.23153.84不溶于水,能与乙醇、苯、氯仿等混溶三氯乙烯870.57273135.92.31环戊烷490.472100.2环己烷8112100.1三氟乙酸72--0.1三甲基戊烷990.472150.1异辛烷990.532100.11.94正己烷690.332100.0630.91.9石油醚30-700.32100.01不溶于水,能与多种有机溶剂混溶异戊烷30--0正戊烷360.232100甲酰胺2101.133456.676.68苯甲醇50.813.6丙烯酸46.665.1硝基苯4234.6二氯乙烷41.910.373名称沸点密度粘度波长极性ET(30)介电分子量溶解性喹啉39.49.22甲基吡啶38.39.94乙醚34.60.713734.64.2274.12微溶于水,易溶于浓盐酸,与醇、苯、氯仿、石油醚及脂肪溶剂混溶三乙胺33.32.44二硫化碳46.532.62.6476.14难溶于水,能与乙醇等有机溶剂混溶丙三醇290.992.09易溶于水,在乙醇等中溶解度较小,不溶解于醚、苯和氯仿甲酸57.9六甲基磷酰胺233179.20能与水以及乙醇、乙醚和苯等有机溶剂混溶,但不溶于饱和烷烃。它能被氯代烷从水溶液中萃取出来形成络合物。易吸潮。流动相参数溶剂UV吸收示差折光指数25°沸点(℃)粘度(cP,25℃)极性参数强度参数(氧化铝)水溶性%W25℃介电常数比例强度函数N-甲基甲酰胺1.4471821.656.0溶182吡啶1.5071150.885.3溶12.4丙胺1.385480.354.2溶5.3丙酮(*)3301.356560.305.10.71溶二甲基亚砜2681.4771892.007.20.62溶4.7二氧六环2151.421011.24.8溶2.2甲醇(*)2051.326650.545.1溶32.7甲醛1.4472103.39.6溶111甲氧基乙醇2101.4001251.605.5溶19.9四氢呋喃(*)2121.405660.464.00.57溶7.6特丁醇1.385823.64.10.7溶12.54溶剂UV吸收示差折光指数25°沸点(℃)粘度(cP,25℃)极性参数强度参数(氧化铝)水溶性%W25℃介电常数比例强度函数乙醇2101.359781.084.3溶24.6乙二醇1.43118216.56.9溶37.7乙腈(*)1901.341820.345.8溶37.5乙酸1.3701181.16.0溶6.2异丙醇2051.384821.93.90.82溶20.3正丙醇2401.385971.94.00.82溶20.3异戊醇1.4051303.53.70.619214.77.3乙酸乙酯(*)2561.37770.434.40.588.86.05.8正辛烷2051.4271957.33.40.53.910.35.8环己酮(*)3291.376800.384.70.5123.418.39.1正丁醇2101.3971182.63.90.720.117.58.3硝基甲烷3801.3801010.616.02.1乙醚(*)2181.350350.242.80.381.34.34.0硝基乙烷3801.3901140.645.20.9异丙醚2201.365680.382.40.280.623.92.4正丁醚2201.3971420.642.10.250.192.82.4二氯甲烷(**)2331.421400.413.10.420.178.95.61,2-二氯乙烷2281.442830.783.50.440.1610.46.3氯仿2451.443610.534.10.400.0724.85.6苯2801.498800.602.70.320.0582.33.6甲苯2851.4941100.552.40.290.0462.42.9环戊烷(*)2001.404490.42-0.20.050.0141.970.6环己烷2001.423810.90-0.20.040.0122.020.5异辛烷*(2,2,4-三甲基戊烷)1971.389990.470.10.010.0111.940.15溶剂UV吸收示差折光指数25°沸点(℃)粘度(cP,25℃)极性参数强度参数(氧化铝)水溶性%W25℃介电常数比例强度函数正庚烷(*)1951.385980.40.20.010.0101.920.5正己烷(*)1901.372690.30.10.010.0101.880.5正戊烷(**)1951.355360.220.00.000.0101.840.5四氯化碳2651.457770.901.60.180.0082.242.3二硫化碳3801.642460.340.30.150.0052.641.71,2-亚丙基碳酸酯6.11-氯丁烷(*)2201.400780.421.00.267.42.82-氯丙烷(**)2301.375360.301.20.299.82307N-甲基吡咯烷酮2851.4682021.676.732苯胺1.5841843.776.36.98.1苯甲醚1.5141540.93.84.34.6苯乙醚1.5051701.143.34.24.9苯乙酮1.5382055.55.713.18.8苯乙酮1.5322021.644.817.48.7苄醚1.5382284.54.1碘醚2.80.35碘乙烷1.510720.572.27.84.2对-二甲苯2901.4931380.602.50.262.33.0二(2-氧乙基)醚6.8二苯醚1.5802583.33.43.73.7二甲基甲酰胺2681.4281530.806.436.7二甲基乙酰胺2681.4361660.786.50.8837.8氟苯1.46850.553.15.44.6环乙酮1.4515624.718.39.16溶剂UV吸收示差折光指数25°沸点(℃)粘度(cP,25℃)极性参数强度参数(氧化铝)水溶性%W25℃介电常数比例强度函数间甲苯酚1.540202147.411.810.0喹啉1.6252373.4597.4六甲基磷酸三酰胺1.45723337.40.6530氯苯1.5211320.752.70.305.64.1氰基苯1.5361914.84.825.210.9三乙胺1.398890.361.90.542.42.4水1.3331000.8910.280顺氰氧乙基丙烷6.60.56四甲基胍6.10.6四甲基脲2651.44917560.5623.010.7硝基苯1.552111.84.434.813.2溴苯1.5571561.042.70.325.44.1溴乙烷(*)1.421380.382.00.359.44.3*7.5cP,45°**7.5cP,45°有-个(*)标记的溶剂是低沸点(45)℃并且低粘度(*0.5cP)的溶剂,是LC系统首选作为流动相的溶剂有两个(**)标记是具有非常低的沸点和粘度的溶剂。(1)在此波长下,溶剂是不透光的。(2)25℃下的示差折光指数;(3)沸点;(4)粘度;(5)溶剂的极性参数。(6)使用氧化铝作液—固吸附时,溶剂的强度参数;(7)在20℃下,溶剂作液—固吸附时,溶剂的水溶性(%W)(8)在20℃下,溶剂的介电常数。;(9)在离子色谱法中,包括P’(溶剂强度比例)和介电常数的函数7溶剂极性顺序极性溶剂顺序:水甲酸甲醇乙酸乙醇异丙醇乙腈二甲亚砜二甲基甲酰胺丙酮六甲基磷酰胺CH2Cl2吡啶氯仿氯苯THF二氧六环乙醚苯甲苯CCl4正辛烷环己烷石油醚常用非质子非极性溶剂,如苯、乙醚、四氯化碳等;非质子极性溶剂,如二甲亚砜、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、丙酮、DMI等,因为非质子极性溶剂的分子具有极性,所以对溶质分子会有影响,产生溶剂化效应。质子溶剂(proticsolvent)含有-OH,-NH,如甲醇,会与亲核试剂产生氢键,使亲核试剂溶剂化。非质子溶剂又称质子惰性溶剂,在反应体系中不能给出质子的溶剂都可以称为非质子溶剂。非质子极性溶剂,如乙腈(CH3CN),二甲基甲酰胺(DMF),DMI,二甲基亚砜(DMSO),六甲基磷酰三胺(HMPA)等。质子性溶剂含有易取代氢原子,可与含负离子的反应物发生氢键结合,发生溶剂化作用,也可与正离子的孤对电子进行配位结合,或与
本文标题:常用有机溶剂性质
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