英语语言学名词

现代语言学一绪论1Linguisitics:语言学Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage2Phonetics:语音学Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticscommunicationiscalledphonetics.Forexample,vowelsandconsonants元音、辅音、声调、重音以及节奏、音变3Phonology:音韵学Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.Forexample,phone,phoneme,andallophone.4Morphology:形态学Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.Forexample,boyand“ish”---boyish,teach---teacher.5Syntax:句法学Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax.Forexample,”Johnlikelinguistics.”6Semantics:语义学Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.Forexample:“Thesealcouldnotbefound.Thezookeeperbecameworried.Thesealcouldnotbefound,Thekingbecameworried.”Herethewordsealmeansdifferentthings.同义词、反义词，同音词7Pragmatics:语用学Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.Forexample,“Ido”Theworddomeansdifferentcontext.在特定情景中的特定话语，研究如何通过语境来理解和使用语言。8Sociolinguistics:社会语言Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.Forexample:regionaldialects,socialvariationinlanguage.方言，9Psycholinguistics:语言心理Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetoworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.二音系学1Phonetics:语音学Thestudyofsoundsthatareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics.2Phonology:音韵Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.3Phone:语音Phonecanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning;somedo,somedon’t.4Phoneme:音素；音位Phonologyisconcernedwiththespeechsoundswhichdistinguishmeaning.Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.5Allophone:音位变体Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.6Complementarydistribution:互补分布，语言学专业名词。当两个语言成分（辅音、元音、词素等）不能在同一个环境中出现，即可形成语言互补分布。Thesetwoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.7Minimalpair:最小对，在一种语言中，在某一方面差异最小的一组成分Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.8Stress:重读Whenacertainsyllableofawordisstressed,itmeansthatthesyllableispronouncedwithgreatforcethantheotherorothers.9tones:声调Tonesarepitchvariation,whicharecausedbythedifferentratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.Pitchvariationscandistinguishmeaningjustlikephoneme;therefore,thetoneisasuprasegementalfeature.10Intonation:语调Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.Intonationplaysanimportantroleinconveyingmeaninginalmosteverylanguage,especiallyinalanguagelikeEnglish三形态学1morphology:形态学Morphologyisabranchofgrammerwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.2inflectionalmorphology:曲折形态学Inflectionalmorphologystudiestheinflectionsofword-formation.3derivationalmorphology:派生形态学Derivationalmorphologyisthestudyofword-formation.4morpheme:Morphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.5freemorpheme:自由语素Freemorphemearethemorphemeswhichareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesorincombinationwithothermorphemes.6boundmorpheme:黏着词素Boundmorphemesarethemorphemeswhichcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.7root:Arootisoftenseenaspartofaword;itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclear,definitemeaning;itmustbecombinedwithanotherrootoranaffixtoformaword.8affix:词缀Affixesareoftwotypes:inflectionalandderivational.9prefix:前缀Prefixoccuratthebeginningofaword.10suffix:后缀Suffixesareaddedtotheendofthestems;theymodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandinmanycaseschangeitspartofspeech.11derivation:派生Derivationaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword.Derivationcanbeviewedastheaddingofaffixestostemtoformneswords.12compounding:复合词Likederivation,compoundingisanotherpopularandimportantwayofformingnewwordsinEnglish.Compoundingcanbeviewedasthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatenewwords.四句法学1linguisticcompetence:Comskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.2sentence:Asentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatementquestionorcommand.3transformationrules:Syntacticmovementisgovernedbytransformationalrules.Theoperationofthetransformationalrulesmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.4D-structure:Asentencemayhavetwolevelsofsyntacticrepresentation.Oneexistsbeforemovementtakeplace,theotheroccursaftermovementtakeplace.Informallinguisticexploration,thesetwosyntacticrepresentationarecommonlytermedasD-structure.5Moveа:Justasthereisageneralruleforallphrasestructurerules,i,e.theX-barschema,thereisageneralmovementruleaccountingforthesyntacticbehaviorofanyconstituentmovement.ThismovementruleiscalledMoveа五语义学1semantics:语义学Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.2sense:Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticfor