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:2014-11-20:“”(11171271)。:(1974—),,,,,:;(1962—),,,:。、20,、、,。,,。〔1〕53,。,,,。,,“”,,,,()。,????。〔1-7〕,,、,。、(C.F.Gauss,1777—1855),(C.F.B.Riemann,1826—1866),。,(D.Hilbert,1862—1943),(H.Weyl,1885—1955)。1.-,,。1817,,,。-,,,、3°1.5°,。,。,1,2,1(1.,710127;2.,050031):。,,。,,。。:;;;;:N09:A31520155StudiesinDialecticsofNatureVol.31,No.5May.,2015:1000-8934(2015)05-0078-0578。-,。“”。。,。,。《》1823,1,。,:“。”〔8〕189。1827《》,。〔2〕163:,,;,180°,。,,。〔3〕32,〔4〕308(u,v),。,:,,,?。,。2.“”1851《》,,,。(J.F.Herbart,1776—1841),1854《》,,。〔5〕2,n,,。:“,。,,。();,,。,。。。”〔9〕411:,。?。(N.L.Lobatchevsky,1793—1856)(J.Bolyai,1802—1860),,。,。,;,:。n。nn,,,,。,,。?,n+1n;,。nn,n,n。。《》:“,,79315。”〔10〕197n,。,“”(H.G.Grassmann,1809—1877)“”(L.Schlafli,1814—1895)“”。〔6〕83?:“(Quanta),,。,,。”〔9〕413,“”,,nn。,。〔11〕8。,。,。,,。,。,。3.1970,(G.Cantor,1845—1918),,。,。1902《》,《》,。(,),:“,A,。(1),。。(2)A,A。,。(3)BA,B。(4)A,A,。(5)AB,AB。”〔12〕150,(1)(2)()()。(3)-(5)()。:(),。(,,1914《》),〔13〕249,,(3)。,。,,,。4.,、。19111912,,,,,,、。〔14〕63,(L.E.Brouwer,1881—1966)n,1913《》,。80:“:F,:(a)“F”,Fp,FFp。pp,p,pp。U0p0,pU0,pU0。p0p1F,p0p1,。(b)Fp0U0,U0K0(xyx2+y21),(1)p0;(2)pU0,UpU0,pp′K,KU;(3)KK0,p′,FpU,K。”〔15〕17,(a)F。(b)、(),(b)F。,,,。,(O.Veblen,1880—1960)(A.N.Whitehead,1861—1947)19311932,。,1919,1925《》。,,。〔11〕9、,,,———。,。(),。:1.,。,,、、,。《》,。,,。1925(H.Hopf,1894—1971)。,(J.Cartan,1869—1951)2020,,。2.MMTM,J·J=-1。,M,,,。3.,,。,,,。,,。、,—————————。:,81315,———。,,(),,、、。,,,。〔1〕.[J].,2007(3):53-57.〔2〕D.J.Struik.OutlineofaHistoryofDifferentialGeometry[J].Isis,1933(20):161-191.〔3〕E.Scholz.Theconceptofmanifold,1850-1950[C]//I.M.James.HistoryofTopology.Amsterdam:ElsevierSciencePublisheres,1999:25-64.〔4〕[]·.:[M].,,,,.:,2003.〔5〕E.Portnoy.Riemann’sContributiontoDifferentialGeometry[J].HistoriaMathematica,1982(9):1-18.〔6〕A.N.Kolmogorov,A.P.Yushkevich.Mathematicsofthe19thcentury,Geometry,AnalyticFunctionTheory[M].Boston:BirkhauserVerlag,1996.〔7〕.[M].:,2005.〔8〕C.F.Gauss.GaussWerke[M].Gottingen:HerausgegebenvonderK.GesellschaftderWissenschaften,1880.〔9〕D.E.Smith.ASourceBookinMathematics[M].NewYork:Dover,1959.〔10〕,,.·:[M].:,2002.〔11〕.·[D].:,2002.〔12〕[]·.[M].,,.:,2009.〔13〕F.Hausdorff.GrundzugederMengenlehre[M].Leipzig:Veit,1914.〔14〕.·:、、[J].,1985(3):60-70.〔15〕H.Weyl.TheConceptofaRiemannSurface[M].London:Addi-son-WesleyPublishingCompany,1955.TheHistoricalEvolutionofManifoldLIUYu-hui1,2,QUAn-jing1(1.CenterfortheHistoryofMathematicsandScience,NorthwestUniversity,Xi’an710127;2.SchoolofMathematicsandScience,ShijiazhuangUniversityofEconomics,Shijiazhuang050031,China)Abstract:Theconceptofmanifoldisanimportantobjectofmodernmathematics.ItoriginatedfromintrinsicgeometryofGaussandwasdevelopedbyRiemann.HilbertmodifiedRiemann’sdefinitionofmanifoldbytheaxiomaticapproachandWeylgavethefinalmathematicaldefinitionofmanifold.Thehistoricalexplorationontheoriginofmanifoldnotonlyhelpsustounderstandtheevolutionofspace,butalsoprovidesasignificantperspectivetorevealthelinksbetweenmathematicsandphysics.Keywords:manifold;spaceoftopology;neighborhood;curvature;Hausdorffspace(:)82
本文标题:流形的概念
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