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Phonetics语音学Thestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.指从自然地角度出发研究语言语音的语言学分支,主要关注语音的产生、传播和接受的过程,并着重考察人类语言中的单音,包括对语音的描述、分类、标示等。英语语音语调1.音素:元音与辅音。每个音节以一元音辅以辅音。2.音的组合:元音前可有3个辅音,其后辅音可多达4个,这种辅音群称为辅音连缀,即CCCVCCCC结构。3.音的连续:将同一意群的词一起说出来,意群的词与词之间不留空隙。4.单词重音:多音节词中一个音节显得重要、响亮一些,发音时间长一些,音素听起来清晰一些,此为重音。5.话语节奏:英语话语如同音乐一样有一定节奏。话语中的音节像音乐的小节一样组成节奏群。每个节奏群都有轻读音节和重读音节。每个英语句子的名词、动词、形容词、副词通常要重读;介词、冠词、代词等虚词一般弱读。英语的节律规律是通过重读规律,如调解音的长短、减音、同化、连读等来体现。6.弱读:单词在句中可以弱读、重读,取决于上下文所表达意义。如,some单独为词,需重读,同sum;若在句中,需弱读。常见的弱读音节为中元音[ə]。7.句子重音:话语中刻意强调或淡化某个单词以更好地表达含义。代表重要信息的单词多为重读。刻意强调某一信息常常通过句子重音突出这一信息载体,即相关单词说得特别响亮,此为句子重音。8.语调:话语如同音乐的另一方面表现在话语的音调变化上。说话时刻意随意改变音高,使音调上升或下降。音调上扬或下降的现象就称语调。英语的基本语调为升调与降调。升降过程可急可缓,可有不同组合。语调不仅表达信息,还更准确地表达含义。语音学习问题1.音的替代:以汉语音代替英语音,如:以“曲”代替[t∫],明显外国腔。如果两音之间存在明显差异,替代混淆两个完全不同的音位,如将短音[i]读成长音[i:],将鼻音[n]读成流音或侧边音[l],造成严重失误。2.减音:即省略音素,特别是音节尾音。3.增音:给单词增加音素,如在辅音连缀中加元音,在音节尾加元音等,在唱读中尤显突出。4.词与词的连接:英语话语中同一意群的词与词之间的关系极为密切,需用同化、连读等方法使意群的词与词产生联系,语流流畅。注意不要将连读或同化词组当成生词。5.错读重读音节:两个或两个以上音节的单词必有一个重读音节。单词重音是词汇意义的重要组成部分,有时重音读错,意义也会错。6.不会使用句子重音:要词重音,是重读实词还是虚词取决于句子强调的重点。7.话语节律:重音、弱读。音节轻重相见,重读音节之间时距大致相等。如:I’llplayittomorrowmorning.Illbeplayingittomorrowinthemorning.8.语调错误:语调变化不影响词汇本身意义,但引发误会,影响交际。ScopeofphoneticsThreeBranchesArticulatoryPhonetics发音语音学AuditoryPhonetics听觉语音学AcousticPhonetics声学语音学ArticulatoryphoneticsExaminethewayinwhichaspeechsoundisproducedtodiscoverwhichvocalorgansareinvolvedandhowtheycoordinateintheprocessAuditoryphoneticsLookintotheimpressionaspeakermakesonthehearerasmediatedbytheear,theauditorynerveandthebrainAcousticphoneticsStudythephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds,astransmittedbetweenmouthandearClassificationofEnglishConsonantsIntermsofmannersofarticulation按发音方式分为完全阻塞音也称爆破音,摩擦音,破擦音,流音,鼻音,滑音Stops:p,b,t,d,k,gFricatives:f,v,s,z,θ,ð,h,∫,ЗAfricates:t∫,dЗLiquids:l,rNasals:m,n,ŋGlides:w,jIntermsofplaceofarticulation按发音部位不同,英语辅音分为双唇音,唇齿音,齿音,齿龈音,上颚音,软腭音,声门音Bilabials:p,b,m,wLabiodentals:f,vDentals:θ,ðAlveolars:t,d,s,z,n,l,rPalatals:∫,З,j,t∫,dЗVelars:k,g,ŋGlottal:h4classificationofEnglishvowelsThepositionofthetongue:front,central,backTheopennessofthemouth:close,semi-close,semi-open,openvowelsTheshapeofthelips:rounded,unroundedThelengthofthevowels:long,short12个单元音短元音7个[i][ə][ɔ][u][ʌ][e][æ]长元音5个[i:][ə:][ɔ:][u:][ɑ:]8个双元音[ei][ai][ɔi][au][əu][iə][ɛə][uə]辅音10对清辅音[p][t][k][f][θ][s][ts][tr][∫][t∫]浊辅音[b][d][g][v][ð][z][dz][dr][З][dЗ]3个鼻音[m][n][ŋ]3个似拼音[h][l][r]2个半元音[j][w]英语字母中有一些含有共同的元音音素1)含元音音素[ei]字母:AaHhJjKk音标:[ei][eit∫][d3ei][kei]2)含元音音素[i:]字母:BbCcDdEeGgPpTtVv音标:[bi:][si:][di:][i:][d3i:][pi:][ti:][vi:]3)含元音音素[e]字母:FfLlMmNnSsXxZz音标:[ef][el][em][en][es][eks][zed]4)含元音音素[ju:]字母:UuQqWw音标:[ju:][kju:][`d∧blju:]5)含元音音素[ai]字母:IiYy音标:[ai][wai]开音节与闭音节开音节:发音元音音素后面带有一个不发音的元音字母e,或其他的元音字母。该发音元音音素念字母表中音。aeIou[ei][i:][ai][əu][ju:]闭音节:发音的元音音素前或后都是辅音,将其封闭在内,该发音因素念重读闭音节短音。aeiou[æ][e][i][ɔ][ʌ][ei]abatelakehatedatematenamelatefategatemakeaydayslayplatlayjaygaymayhayokaypay[i:]ebeweshehemeeebeefleetsleepdeepsheepfeeteabeatheatmeatfeatdealteapeaseatrepeatdefeat[ai]ilikedislikebikehikedivenicenikemicericediceymywhycryflyspyskytrydrybyighhighfrightlightbrightflight[əu]ohopehoegowholedoenoopenokayoversoovercomeoagoatcoatroadboatloadfloatthroatgoalowknowwindowglowslowgrowsnowrowarrowshowlow[ju:]uuseusuallybeautyusageuniversityuniquemusicunitystudentamusemuseewdewnewnewsnewspaperhewmew[æ]abaghatappledaddymatrataverageclassicalrabbitsatisfySaturdayappleaskaffluent[e]edeskeggpenhenbentdenttenmendindependenttendergentlegenderspendeaheadbreadreadthreadspreadthreatenreadyalreadyweatherpleasuretreasuresweaterinsteadwealthhealth[i]ibitpigdidsithitrabbitfitisshititthismusicbidlistenliftgiftclifflipsimilarsimilaritystickclingyproductivityqualitybusybodycapabilityuniversityactivityfussycityeasysissy[ɔ]oondogfroghogboxdotfoxobjectopportunityoddofficeoftengodoxoffoxygenlothotlogcottontondonoperationoral[ʌ]umustbutgutbusplusnutbutterflyblusterduckmugmuchutterancejustmultiplejudgmentjusticeculturedisgustdiscussionresultinsultcultivateolovesomecomedovenothingmotherotheranotherbrotheressentialdynamicproverbsystemicmanipulatehostilityenvironmentfrustrationexteriorimmediatemaintaininferencechesterfieldHinduismreincarnatetransienttranscendentalnumeralpuncturepermanentfertilityVowels元音单元音:[i:][i][e][æ][ə:][ə][ʌ][u:][u][ɔ][ɔ:][a:]双元音:[ei][ai][ɔi][au][əu][iə][ɛə][uə][ai]Consonants辅音[b][s][k][d][f][g][h][j][k][l][m][n][p][r][t][v][w][z][dz][ts][[∫][t∫]][З][dЗ][θ][ð][ŋ]前中后,[-i][-u][-ə],爆摩破,流鼻滑前元音:[i:][i][e][æ]中元音:[ə:][ə][ʌ]后元音:[u:][u][ɔ:][ɔ][a:][-i]:[ei][ai][ɔi][-u]:[əu][au][-ə]:[iə][ɛə][uə]爆破音:[p][b][t][d][k][g]摩擦音:[f][v][s][z][θ][ð]破擦音:[t∫][dЗ]流音:[l][r]鼻音:[m][n][ŋ]滑音:[h]前元音:[i:][i][e][æ][i:]eshehemewebeeebeefleemeetdeedfeeteaheatfeatmeatrepeatreadTheteacherrepeatedthespeech.[i]iitthisbitrabbitpigavillagefoliageadvantageyabilityproductivityThesixlittlesistersliveinthecity.[e]ebedpendentinventheneabreadthreadthreatenspreadTellTedtogethislessonsready.Let’sgettogetherwhenTed’sbetter.[æ]abagmatratflagrabbitJackhasamapinhishand.Themanranmadlytotheca
本文标题:Phonetics语音学
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