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TheLiteratureofKnowledgeandtheLiteratureofPower德昆西1.Whatisitthatwemeanbyliterature?Popularly一般的,andamongstthethoughtless,itisheldtoincludeeverythingthatisprintedinabook不用心思的人通常认为,他通指一切印在书本上的东西.Littlelogicisrequiredtodisturb推翻thatdefinition.Themostthoughtlesspersoniseasilymadeawarethatintheideaofliterature再粗心的人也能很容易看出oneessentialelementissomerelationtoageneralandcommoninterestofman在文学这个概念里,一个基本要素食和人类普遍的,共同的某项利益有关—sothatwhatappliesonlyto适用于alocal,orprofessional,ormerelypersonalinterest,eventhoughpresentingitselfintheshapeofabook,willnotbelongtoLiterature此,那些仅仅适用于某一地区某一职业或者某一狭隘个人利益的东西.Sofarthedefinitioniseasilynarrowed;anditisaseasilyexpanded.Fornotonlyismuchthattakesastationinbooksnotliterature即使以书本形式公诸于世,也不能算是文学;butinversely,muchthatreallyisliteratureneverreachesastationinbooks但是,一方面,许多业已跻身书籍之林的东西并未印成书本.Theweeklysermons布道ofChristendom基督教国家里每周必有布道词,thatvastpulpitliterature规模庞大教坛文学whichactssoextensivelyupon影响thepopularmind—towarn,touphold鼓舞,torenew告诫,tocomfort,toalarm—doesnotattainthesanctuary避难所oflibrariesintheten-thousandthpartofitsextent他告诫着、鼓舞着、警告着人们,广泛的影响着民众的心灵,但是在他当汇总能够在那书籍的圣堂里占有一席之地的,却达不到她那总数的万分之一.TheDramaagain—as,forinstance,thefinestofShakespeare’splaysinEngland,andallleadingAthenianplays希腊戏剧代表作inthenoontideoftheAtticstage雅典鼎盛时期—operatedasaliteratureonthepublicmind,andwere(accordingtothestrictestletterofthatterm)publishedthroughtheaudiencesthatwitnessedtheirrepresentation表现sometimebeforetheywerepublishedasthingstoberead他们作为供阅读的的剧本发表之前,早就(从发表一词最严格的字面意义来说)在亲眼看到演出观众面前发表,作为一种文学力量在公众心灵上产生过影响;andtheywerepublishedinthisscenicalmodeofpublicationwithmuchmoreeffectthantheycouldhavehadasbooksduringagesofcostlycopyingorofcostlyprinting而且,这种通过舞台形式的发表,较之后来他们成为传抄或印刷的珍贵书册,影响要大得多.我们说的文学,道理指的是什么呢?不用心思的人通常认为,他通指一切印在书本上的东西。这样一个定义,用不着什么逻辑就能推翻。因为,再粗心的人也能很容易看出:在文学这个概念里,一个基本要素食和人类普遍的,共同的某项利益有关---因此,那些仅仅适用于某一地区,某一职业,或者某一狭隘个人利益的东西,即使以书本形式公诸于世,也不能算是文学。如此说来,定义的内涵不难加以收缩---不过,他也同样不难以扩充。因为,一方面,许多业已跻身书籍之林的东西并未印成书本。譬如说,基督教国家里每周必有的布道词,那规模庞大的教坛文学---他告诫着、鼓舞着、警告着人们,广泛的影响着民众的心灵,但是在他当汇总能够在那书籍的圣堂里占有一席之地的,却达不到她那总数的万分之一。还有戏剧---例如,英国莎士比亚最优秀的剧作,以及在雅典鼎盛时期的希腊戏剧代表作,他们作为供阅读的的剧本发表之前,早就(从发表一词最严格的字面意义来说)在亲眼看到演出的观众面前发表,作为一种文学力量在公众心灵上产生过影响;而且,这种通过舞台形式的发表,较之后来他们成为传抄的或印刷的珍贵书册,影响要大得多2.Books,therefore,donotsuggestanideacoextensiveandinterchangeablewiththeideaofLiterature书籍和文学这两个概念并不表示这同样久远的含义,也不可相互替代;sincemuchliterature,scenic戏剧,forensic辩论,ordidactic教诲(asfromlecturersandpublicorators演说),maynevercomeintobooks,andmuchthatdoescomeintobooksmayconnectitselfwithnoliteraryinterest因为,不少属于文学的东西,包括戏剧、辩论和教诲(例如讲学、演说之类)也许从来不收入书本,而许多印成书本的东西又可能和文学趣味丝毫无涉.Butafarmoreimportantcorrection,applicabletothecommonvagueideaofliterature,istobesoughtnotsomuchinabetterdefinitionofliteratureasinasharperdistinctionofthetwofunctionswhichitfulfills但是,为了纠正关于文学所普遍存在的这种模糊概念,与其设法为文学寻求一个贴切的定义,倒不如把文学所起的两种作用划分个清清楚楚.Inthatgreatsocialorgan社会官能which,collectively总体来说,wecallliterature,theremaybedistinguishedtwoseparateofficesthatmayblend混淆andoftendoso,butcapable,severally,ofasevereinsulation孤立,andnaturallyfittedforreciprocal相互repulsion排斥文学可以分辨出两种不同的职能---他们之间常常混淆不清,然而分别论之,又是截然不同,而且天然相互排斥的.Thereis,first,theliteratureofknowledge知识的文学;and,secondly,theliteratureofpower力量的文学.Thefunctionofthefirstis—toteach;thefunctionofthesecondis—tomove:thefirstisarudder船舵;thesecond,anoar桨orasail帆.Thefirstspeakstothemerediscursive散漫understanding;thesecondspeaksultimately,itmayhappen,tothehigherunderstandingorreason理性,butalwaysthroughaffectionsofpleasureandsympathy前者仅仅诉诸人的瑞伦的悟性,后者则往往而且总是通过人的喜乐之情、恻隐之心,从根本上诉诸人的高级悟性即理性.Remotely远远,itmaytraveltowardsanobjectseatedinwhatLordBaconcallsdrylight他似乎是穿过培根爵士所谓明净的理智之光而达到某一客体;but,proximately近处看来,itdoesandmustoperate—elseitceasesto不再是bealiteratureofpower—onandthroughthathumidlightwhichclothesitselfinthemistsandglittering闪光iris虹ofhumanpassions,desires,andgenial友好emotions才知它只有通过人的七情六欲、喜怒哀乐所交织成的茫茫迷雾、闪闪彩虹,借助于在那明灭之间、带着一点蒙蒙雾气的幽光,才能发挥它本来应有的作用,否则,它就不成其为力量的文学.Menhavesolittlereflectedon想thehigherfunctionsofliteratureastofinditaparadoxifoneshoulddescribeitasameanorsubordinate次要purposeofbookstogiveinformation对于文学这种高尚作用想得太少,所以,有人若把提供知识说成不过是书籍一种平庸而次要的作用,大家就认为那是一种自相矛盾奇谈.Butthisisaparadoxonlyinthesensewhichmakesithonorabletobeparadoxical但是,奇谈归奇谈,这句似乎自相矛盾的话里仍然大有可玩味之处.Wheneverwetalkinordinarylanguageofseekinginformationorgainingknowledge,weunderstandthewordsasconnectedwithsomethingofabsolute新奇novelty当我们用通常的语言谈到寻求知识、获得学问的时候,我们总是把这句话和某种完全新奇的事物联系起来.Butitisthegrandeur庄严ofalltruthwhichcanoccupyaveryhighplaceinhumanintereststhatitisneverabsolutelynovel新奇tothemeanestofminds然而,在人类事业中能够占有崇高地位一切真理,其所以伟大,就在于它那怕对于最微贱者来说,也决不是完全新奇:itexistseternally永恒bywayofgerm萌芽orlatent潜在principleinthelowestasinthehighest,needingtobedeveloped,butnevertobeplanted他在最高贵者和最卑贱者的心灵中,作为一种思想的萌芽、潜藏心底的天然原则,都是永恒存在着,它需要不断的发展,但永远不会被取代.Tobecapableoftransplantationistheimmediatecriterion标准ofatruththatrangesonalowerscale被其它东西所取代乃是判断某种低级真理的一条无可怀疑的准绳.Besideswhich,thereisararerthingthantruth—namely,power,ordeepsympathywithtruth对真理的深切感应.Whatistheeffect,forinstance,uponsociety,ofchildren?Bythepity,bythetenderness,andbythepeculiarmodesofadmiration,whichcon
本文标题:The-Literature-of-Knowledge-and-the-Literature-of
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