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1Don’tLetStereotypes惯性思维套路WarpYourJudgmentsRobertL.Heilbroner不要让模式化遮蔽了你的判断IsagirlcalledGloriaapttobebetter-lookingthanonecalledBertha?Arecriminalsmorelikelytobedarkthanblond浅?Canyoutellagooddealaboutsomeone’spersonalityfromhearinghisvoicebrieflyoverthephone?Canaperson’snationalitybeprettyaccuratelyguessedfromhisphotograph?Doesthefactthatsomeonewearsglassesimplythatheisintelligent?Theanswertoallthesequestionsisobviously,No.名叫Gloria的女孩一定会比名字是Bertha的女孩漂亮么?罪犯通常长得较黑而不是白么?你能通过仅仅在电话里听会某个人的声音就很好的辨别出他的个性么?一个人的国籍能十分准确的从照片上看出来么?某人戴眼镜的事实就意味着他很聪明么?以上所有问题的答案是显然的:“不能”。Yet,fromalltheevidenceathand,mostofusbelievethesethings.Askanycollegeboyifhe’drathertakehischanceswithaGloriaoraBertha,oraskacollegegirlifshe’dratherblind-dateaRichardoraCuthbert.Infact,youdon’thavetoask:collegestudentsinquestionnaireshaverevealedthatnamesconjureupthesameimagesintheirmindsastheydoinyours—andforaslittlereason.然而,从掌握的证据来看,我们大多数人却是相信这些说法的。不信可以问任何一位大学男生他更愿意和Gloria还是Bertha待在一起,或者问位女大学生她更愿意和Richard还是Cuthbert见面。事实上根本不需要去问,接受调查的学生已经表明名字总是会毫无缘由的和某种形象联系在一起。Lookintothefavoritesuspectsofpersonswhoreportsuspiciouscharactersandyouwillfindalargepercentageofthemtobeswarthy深ordarkandforeign-looking—despitethetestimonyofcriminologiststhatcriminalsdonottendtobedark,foreignorwild-eyed.Delve仔细检阅intothemainassetofatelephonestockswindler欺诈andyouwillfindittobeamarvelouslyconfidence-inspiringtelephonepersonality.AndwhereasweallthinkweknowwhatanItalianoraSwedelookslike,itisthesadfactthatwhenagroupofNebraskastudentssoughttomatchfacesandnationalitiesof15Europeancountries,theywerescoredwrongin93percentoftheiridentifications.Finally,forallthefactthathorn-rimmedglasseshavenowbecomethestandardtelevisionsignofanintellectual,optometristsknowthatthemainthingthatdistinguishespeoplewithglassesisjustbadeyes.了解下会被人们认为可疑的人特点,你会发现这些可疑人士大多都会长得黑、像外国人。然而犯罪学家早已证实罪犯并不会长得更黑、更像外国人或是更野性。研究下那些在电话里进行股票欺诈的人,你会发现他们在电话里聊天都很有一手。尽管我们都认为我们知道意大利人或是瑞典人长什么样,悲哀的是,当一群内布拉斯加州的学生试图将来自15个欧洲国家的人的照片跟国籍相匹配时,他们的判断中93%都是错的。另外,尽管金光闪闪的眼镜已经成为了智慧的标志,验光师知道戴眼镜的人所具有的主要特质只是眼睛不好而已。2Stereotypesareakindofgossipabouttheworld,agossipthatmakesusprejudgepeoplebeforeweeverlayeyesonthem.Henceitisnotsurprisingthatstereotypeshavesomethingtodowiththedarkworldofprejudice.Exploremostprejudices(notethatthewordmeansprejudgment)andyouwillfindacruelstereotypeatthecoreofeachone.模式是关于世界的一种谣言,这种谣言让我们在观察一个人之前就形成预判。因此毫不奇怪,模式化与黑暗的偏见王国有关。注意到偏见意味着预断,追溯偏见的产生,你会发现大多数偏见的核心都是一种模式化的看法。Foritistheextraordinaryfactthatoncewehavetypecasttheworld,wetendtoseepeopleintermsofourstandardizedpictures.Inanotherdemonstrationofthepowerofstereotypestoaffectourvision,anumberofColumbiaandBarnardstudentswereshown30photographsofprettybutunidentifiedgirls,andaskedtorateeachintermsofgeneralliking,intelligence,beautyandsoon.Twomonthslater,thesamegroupwereshownthesamephotographs,thistimewithfictitious虚构Irish,Italian,JewishandAmericannamesattachedtothepictures.Rightawaytheratingschanged.Faceswhichwerenowseenasrepresentinganationalgroupwentdowninlooksandstillfartherdowninlikability,whiletheAmericangirlssuddenlylookeddecidedlyprettierandnicer.这是因为确定无疑的事实是:一旦我们已经模式化了世界,我们便倾向于用标准化的方式来看待人们。在另一个展示了模式化对我们看法影响的实验中,先向一群来自哥伦比亚大学和巴纳德学院的学生展示了30张未标名字的美女照片,让后让他们将这些美女按“普通”、“智慧”、“美丽”等分类。两个月后,这些人又看了相同的照片,不同的是这次照片上标注了虚构的爱尔兰、意大利、犹太和美国人名。排名立即发生了变化。被认为代表了有些国家的脸孔在外表上的排名出现了下降,可爱程度上则降得更多,相反的是“美国女孩”突然间变得十分美丽和可爱。Whyisitthatwestereotypetheworldinsuchirrationalandharmfulfashion?Inpart,webegintotype-castpeopleinourchildhoodyears.Earlyinlife,aseveryparentwhosechildhaswatchedaTVWesternknows,welearntospottheGoodGuysfromtheBadGuys.Someyearsago,asocialpsychologistshowedveryclearlyhowpowerfulthesestereotypesofchildhoodvisionare.Hesecretlyaskedthemostpopularyoungstersinanelementaryschooltomakeerrorsintheirmorninggymexercises.Afterwards,heaskedtheclassifanyonehadnoticedanymistakesduringgymperiod.Oh,yes,saidthechildren.Butitwastheunpopularmembersoftheclass—thebadguys—theyrememberedasbeingoutofstep.我们为什么用如此荒唐和有害的方式来模式化世界呢?部分原因是我们早在孩提时代就开始将人们进行分类了。正如那些孩子能看电视的父母知道的那样,在生命的早期时,我们就尝试从坏人中找出好人了。几年前,一位社会心理学家清楚地展示了这些孩提时代的模式化的看法是何等的给力。他秘密的让在小学最受欢迎的学生在做早操时犯错。然后,他问班上的同学是否有人注意到了做操期间的一些错误。“噢,是的”,学生们答道。但是记住的却是班上不受欢迎的成员---“坏学生”做错了。3Wenotonlygrowupwithstandardizedpicturesforminginsideofus,butasgrown-upsweareconstantlyhavingthemthrust推进uponus.Someofthem,likethehalf-joking,half-seriousstereotypesofmothers-in-law岳母,orcountryyokels乡下佬,土包子,orpsychiatrists精神病医生,aredinnedintousbythestockjokes陈腐的笑话wehearandrepeat.Infact,withoutsuchstereotypes,therewouldbealotfewerjokes.Stillotherstereotypesareperpetuatedbytheadvertisementsweread,themovieswesee,thebooksweread.我们不仅在成长的过程中在内心形成各种标准化的看法,而且长大后还不停地让它们攻陷我们。它们中的一些模式,比如那些关于丈母娘、乡巴佬、精神病医生的半开玩笑半认真的模式化看法通过那些我们听到然后转述的陈腐笑话呗我们吸收了。事实上,如果没有这些陈见,笑话便会少很多了。还有其它的一些模式化看法是从我们读的广告、看的电影、读的书中打入我们脑海的。Andfinally,wetendtostereotypebecauseithelpsusmakesenseoutofahighlyconfusingworld,aworldwhichWilliamJamesoncedescribedasonegreat,blooming,buzzingconfusion.Itisacuriousfactthatifwedon’tknowwhatwe’relookingat,weareoftenquiteliterallyunabletoseewhatwe’relookingat.Peoplewhorecovertheirsightafteralifetimeofblindnessactual
本文标题:Dont-Let-Stereotypes-Warp-Your-Judgment
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