英美法系与大陆法系的比较研究-外文翻译

河北科技师范学院毕业论文外文翻译题目：英美法系与大陆法系的比较研究学生姓名：XXX指导教师：XXX系别：XXX系专业、班级：国际经济与贸易XX级XX班学号：XXXXXXXXXX填表时间：XXXX年XX月XX日河北科技师范学院教务处制1Civillaw(legalsystem)Abstract:ThisarticleisconcernedwiththelegalsystemknownasCivillaw.Fortheareaoflawincommonlawcountriesgoverningrelationsbetweenprivateindividuals,seeCivillaw(commonlaw).Keywords:Civillaw;CommonlawIntroductionCivillaw,orcontinentallaw,isthepredominantsystemoflawintheworld,withitsoriginsinRomanlaw,andsetsoutacomprehensivesystemofrules,usuallycodified,whichareappliedandinterpretedbyjudges.Modernsystemsaredescendantsofthenineteenthcenturycodificationmovement,duringwhichthemostimportantcodes(mostprominentlytheNapoleonicCodeandtheBürgerlichesGesetzbuch(BGB)cameintoexistence.However,codificationisnotanessentialcharacteristicofacivillawsystem.Forexample,thecivillawsystemsofScotlandandSouthAfricaarenotcodified,andthecivillawsystemsofScandinaviancountriesremainlargelynotcodified.ThecivillawsystemiscontrastedwiththecommonlaworiginatinginEnglandandgenerallyadoptedbythosecountriesoftheworldwithahistoryasBritishterritoriesorcolonies.Asabodyoflawscomprisingtheofficiallegalsystemofanationorstate,especiallyinreferencetotherightsandprivilegesofprivatecitizens,civillawbecomesthenecessarylawinwhichfreedomandnecessityareunified.OverviewLegalsystemsacrosstheworld.Civillawisblue;othersystemsarecommonlaw(pink),mixedcivilandcommonlaw(brown),custom(green)andothers(yellow).Civilorcivilianlawisalegaltraditionwhichisthebaseofthelawinthemajorityofcountriesoftheworld,especiallyincontinentalEuropeandtheformerSovietUnion,butalsoin2Quebec(Canada),Louisiana(U.S.),PuertoRico(aU.S.territory),Japan,LatinAmerica,andmostformercoloniesofcontinentalEuropeancountries.TheScottishlegalsystemisusuallyconsideredtobeamixedsysteminthatScotslawhasabasisinRomanlaw,combiningfeaturesofbothunmodifiedandCivillawsystems.InwesternandsouthwesternpartsoftheU.S.,lawsinsuchdiverseareasasdivorceandwaterrightsshowtheinfluenceoftheirIberiancivillawheritage,beingbasedondistinctlydifferentprinciplesfromthelawsofthenortheasternstatescolonizedbysettlerswithEnglishcommonlawroots.HistoryThecivillawisbasedonRomanlaw,especiallytheCorpusJurisCivilisofEmperorJustinian,aslaterdevelopedthroughtheMiddleAgesbymedievallegalscholars.TheacceptanceofRomanlawhaddifferentcharacteristicsindifferentcountries.Insomeofthemitseffectresultedfromlegislativeact;thatis,itbecamepositivelaw,whereasinotheronesitbecameacceptedbywayofitsprocessingbylegaltheorists.Consequently,RomanlawdidnotcompletelydominateinEurope.Romanlawwasasecondarysource,whichwasappliedonlyaslongaslocalcustomsandlocallawslackedapertinentprovisiononaparticularmatter.However,localrulestoowereinterpretedprimarilyaccordingtoRomanlaw(itbeingacommonEuropeanlegaltraditionofsorts),resultinginitsinfluencingthemainsourceoflawalso.Asecondcharacteristic,beyondRomanlawfoundations,istheextendedcodificationoftheadoptedRomanlaw,namelyitsinclusionintocivilcodes.Theconceptofcodificationdevelopedespeciallyduringtheseventeenthandeighteenthcentury,asanexpressionofbothNaturalLawandtheideasoftheEnlightenment.Thepoliticalidealofthaterawasexpressedbytheconceptsofdemocracy,protectionofproperty,andtheruleoflaw.Thatidealrequiredthecreationofcertaintyoflaw,throughtherecordingoflawandthroughitsuniformity.So,theaforementionedmixofRomanlawandcustomaryandlocallawceasedtoexist,andtheroadopenedforlawcodification,whichcouldcontributetotheaimsoftheabovementionedpoliticalideal.Anotherfactorthatcontributedtocodificationwasthatthenotionofthenationstate,whichwasbornduringthenineteenthcentury,requiredtherecordingofthelawthatwouldbeapplicabletothatstate.Certainly,therewasalsoreactiontotheaimoflawcodification.Theproponentsofcodificationregardeditasconducivetocertainty,unity,andsystematicrecordingofthelaw;whereasitsopponentsclaimedthatcodificationwouldresultintheossificationofthelaw.3Despiteresistance,thecodificationofEuropeanprivatelawsmovedforward.TheFrenchNapoleonicCodeof1804,theGermancivilcode(BürgerlichesGesetzbuch)of1900,andtheSwisscodeswerethemostinfluentialnationalcivilcodes.BecauseGermanywasarisingpowerinthelatenineteenthcentury,whenmanyAsiannationswereintroducingcivillaw,theGermanCivilCodebecamethebasisfortheirlegalsystems.ThusJapanandSouthKoreaoperateundercivillaw.InChina,theGermanCivilCodewasintroducedinthelateryearsoftheQingDynastyandformedthebasisofthelawofthePeoples'RepublicofChina,whichremainsinforce.CivillawservedasthefoundationforsocialistlawusedinCommunistcountries,withmajormodificationsandadditionsfromMarxist-Leninistideology.Forexample,whilecivillawsystemshavetraditionallyputgreatpainsindefiningthenotionofprivateproperty,howitmaybeacquired,transferred,orlost,Socialistlawsystemsprovideformostpropertytobeownedbythestateorbyagriculturalco-operatives,andhavespecialcourtsandlawsforstateenterprises.SubgroupsThetermcivillawasappliedtoalegaltraditionactuallyoriginatesinEnglish-speakingcountries,whereitwasusedtogroupallnon-EnglishlegaltraditionstogetherandcontrastthemtotheEnglishcommonlaw.However,sincecontinentalEuropeantradition