复合词

CHAPTER5WORDFORMATIONVIACOMPOUNDINGMembers:任成成、乔海飞、王斐斐、王文艳、任嘉莹、谢正锋、蒋润鹏、孙胜ThreeformsofcompoundingCompoundingisoneoftheoldestmethodsofwordformation.Itoftengeneratesanewwordwithnewmeaning.Compoundingwordsmayappearinthreeforms:solidform,openformandhyphenatedform.Solidformcompoundsarecreatedthroughtheprocessinwhichtwoormorefreewordsarelinkedtogetherwithoutahyphenoraspaceinbetween.Openformcompoundsarecreatedthroughtheprocessinwhichtwoormorefreewordsaregroupedtogetherwithaspaceinbetween.Hyphenatedformiscreatedthroughtheprocessinwhichtwoormorefreewordsareconnectedbyahyphenorhyphens.FunctionofCompoundsCompoundscanplaydifferentrolesinasentence.Theycanbeusedasnouns,adjectives,verbs,adverbs,etc.lookatthefollowingexamples:Example1:teargasThepolicedispelledthemobswithteargas.(noun)Thepolicedispelledthemobsbyusingteargasbombs.(adjective)Thepoliceteargasedthemobs.(verb)Example2:air-dryThetobaccogrowerssir-drytobaccoleavesinshadedsheds.(verb)Theair-dryprocesswascompletedinshadedsheds.(adjective)Example3:face-to-faceWewillhaveaface-to-facenegotiationwiththemarketcompetitors.(adjective)Wewillnegotiatewithourcompetitorsaboutmarketsharesface-to-face.(phrase)Linguistshavebeenarguingaboutwhetherahyphenorhyphensshouldalwaysbeusedinaphrasalcompound.Thecommonpracticeistokeepthehyphenorhyphensifthecompoundsisusedasanadjective;dropitifthecompoundisusedasanadverb.(Seeexample3above)CharacteristicsofCompounds①复数在后Thepruralformofanouncompoundusuallycarries-sor-esattheendofthesecondpart.②重音在前Acompoundusuallyhasitsstressedsyllablefallingonthefirstpartofthecompound.③连字符大多可无Mostcompoundstodayaretreatedascompletelynewwordswithoutahypheninbetween.somearenot.④前修饰后Incompounds,thefirstpartusuallymodifiesthesecondpart.CompoundNouns1.动词、副词直接相连。如：blowup爆炸comeback复原、复辟breakdown损坏，故障cutoff近路，切下的东西falloff下降lookout注意，监视哨makeup组成，补充runaway逃跑，逃亡runout逃开，避开setup机构，体制2.动词、副词用连字符连接。如：come-up诱惑物，骗子get-out脱身，逃跑get-together联欢会put-off推迟，搪塞put-on假装，欺骗run-through浏览，概要stand-by靠山，支持者take-in欺骗take-off起飞，出发点work-up病情的检查3.动词、副词颠倒位置并直接相连。如：income收入，收益intake吸入，摄入onset攻击，袭击outcome结果，成果outlook观点，前景output产量overthrow推翻，打倒overlook眺望，观察upkeep维修，保养upset混乱，心烦意乱4.副词与动词用连字符连接。如：by-pass旁道，支流5.动词-ing形式与副词分开。如：comingin进入，开始comingsin（常用复数）收入6.动词-ing形式与副词由连字符连接。如：bringing-up养育，抚养goings-on（复）举动，行为going-over痛打，痛骂setting-up（无线电）调定7.副词与动词-ing形式直接相连。如：incoming进来，（复）收入ingoing进入onlooking（袖手）旁观outfighting远距离作战outgiving公开声明，公开发言outgoing外出，（复）支出，开销outpouring倾泻upbringing抚育，养育8.副词与动词-ing形式用连字符连接。如：on-goings（复）（常指古怪的）事件，行为out-clearing票据交换额9.（不规则）动词的过去分词与副词直接相连。如：leftover剩余物，吃剩的饭10.（不规则）动词的过去分词与副词用连字符相连。如：grown-up成年人11.副词与（不规则）动词的过去分词直接相连。如：ingot锭upshot结果，结局12.副词与（不规则）动词的过去分词用连字符连接。如：by-gone过去的事情，往事13举例说明：bloodtype血型winterclothes冬装dinnertable餐桌looker-on旁观者sister-in-law嫂子newsreporter新闻记者man-teacher男老师editor-in-chief总编辑runner-up亚军go-between中间人CompoundAdjectives1.复合形容词中单词与单词之间要有连字符。2.复合形容词中的名词只能用原形。3.复合形容词在句子中只做定语，不做表语或补语。4.复合形容词前通常还有冠词、指示代词、不定代词、名词所有格、形容词性物主代词等修饰语。复合形容词主要用来作定语,并且只作前置定语,即要放在被修饰词之前。它也可以作形容词,表示一个长时间的特点或性质。例如：aneight-year-oldboy\aten-metre-talltree复合形容词后加复数，表示一类人或物，可独立作主语。1.数词+名词（单数)one-child(独生子女的)two-hour(两小时的)three-good(三好的)100-pound(一百磅的)2.数词+名词（单数)+形容词three-year-old(三岁的)seven-foot-wide(七英尺的)8000-meter-long(8000米长的)six-meter-tall(六米高的)3.数词+名词+edone-eyed(独眼的)four-storeyed(四层的)two-faced(两面的)four-footed(四只脚的)three-legged(三条腿的)4.形容词+名词（普通）full-time(全日制的)high-class(高级的)second-hand(二手的)part-time(业余的)mid-term(期中的)final-term(期末的)first-class/rate(一流的)5.形容词+名词+edkind-hearted(好心肠的)cold-blooded(冷血的)warm-hearted(热心肠的)blue-eyed(蓝眼睛的)middle-aged(中年的)red-lipped(红嘴唇的)6.形容词（副词）+现在分词good-looking(长相好看的)ugly-looking(长相丑陋的)easy-looking(长相随和的)tired-looking(面容疲劳的)hard-working(勤奋的)ever-lasting(永恒的)7.形容词/副词+过去分词new-born(新生的)so-called(所谓的)hard-won(来之不易的)well-dressed(衣着好的)ready-made(现存的)newly-built(新建的)recently-built(刚建的)8.形容(副)词+形容词dark-blue(深蓝的)light-green(浅绿的)all-round(全面的)red-hot(灼热的)9.名词+现在分词English-speaking(说英语的)peace-loving(爱好和平的)world-shaking(震惊世界的)grass-eating(食草的)mouth-watering(流口水的)meat-eating(食肉的)10.名词+过去分词hand-made(手工制作的)heart-broken(令人心碎的)man-made(人造的)11.名词+形容词life-long(毕业的,终生的)world-famous(世界著名的)world-wide(世界范围的)ice-cold(冰冷的)12.名词+名词X-ray(X光的)English-language(英国语言的)13.形容词+名词+-edlong-winged(长翅膀的)14.名词+介词child-like(像小孩似的)