材料结构与性能

1材料结构与性能研究生课程西南科技大学廖其龙[e-mail]：西5-1-72•本课程总学时：36学时。–上课时间：7~18周•课程目的–熟悉材料的基本结构类型；掌握材料组成、制备过程对结构的影响规律；熟悉材料微观结构与材料力学性能的相互关系；了解组成、制备过程及结构对材料物理、化学性能的影响。3本课程的内容以无机非金属材料为重点，讨论材料的组成—加工—结构—性能间的相互关系及其影响规律。主要内容：材料的分类及结构、性能特点，无机非金属材料晶体的基本结构类型及晶体学基础、玻璃结构及其特点；材料缺陷的类型、特点及其产生原因；材料的微观结构表征以及材料组成、制备过程对材料微观结构的影响规律；材料的力学性能表征以及材料微观结构对材料力学性能的影响；材料的主要物理性能和化学性能及其影响因素。教材：DonaldR.Askeland–PradeepP.Phulé，TheScienceandEngineeringofMaterials,4thed吴月华，杨杰，材料的结构与性能，中国科学技术大学出版社，20014教学方式：讲解、讨论与自学结合考核方法：闭卷考试成绩构成：出勤+讨论+期末考试（闭卷）5材料的发展材料结构的三个层次结构和性能的关系材料的分类材料的设计与选用绪论introduction6StoneageironageSteelageAdvancedmaterialsagebronzeageHistoricalPerspective78Theevolutionofmaterials91011THETOPTEN--1PeriodicTableofElements•DmitriMendeleev(门捷列夫)devisesthePeriodicTableofElements.•Introducestheubiquitous(普遍存在的)referencetoolofmaterialsscientistsandengineers.186412•Egyptianssmeltiron(perhapsasaby-productofcopperrefining)forthefirsttime,usingtinyamountsmostlyforornamentalorceremonialpurposes.•Unlocksthefirstprocessingsecretofwhatwillbecometheworld'sdominantmetallurgicalmaterial.THETOPTEN–2SmeltingIron3500BC(estimated)熔炼铁13THETOPTEN--3TransistorJohnBardeen,WalterH.Brattain,andWilliamShockleyinventthetransistor.Becomesthebuildingblockforallmodernelectronicsandthefoundationformicrochipandcomputertechnology.1948晶体管14THETOPTEN--4InventionofglassThepeoplesofnorthwesternIraninventglass.Introducesthesecondgreatnonmetallicengineeringmaterial(followingceramics).2200BC(estimated)15THETOPTEN--5Opticalmicroscopy1668(estimated)AntonvanLeeuwenhoekdevelopsopticalmicroscopycapableofmagnificationsof200timesandgreater.Enablesstudyofthenaturalworldanditsstructuresthatareinvisibletotheunaidedeye（肉眼）.显微镜16THETOPTEN--6Modernconcrete1755•JohnSmeatoninventsmodernconcrete——hydrauliccement（水凝水泥).Introducesthedominantconstructionmaterialofthemodernage.materialcomposites17THETOPTEN--7CruciblesteelMetalworkersinsouthIndiadevelopcruciblesteelmaking.Produces“wootz”steelwhichbecomesfamousas“Damascus”sword（大马士革剑）steelhundredsofyearslater,inspiringartisans,blacksmiths,andmetallurgistsformanygenerationstocome.300BC(estimated)坩锅钢（伍兹钢）18THETOPTEN--8Cuextraction（Casting）•InandaroundmodernTurkey,peoplediscoverthatliquidcoppercanbeextractedfrommalachite（孔雀石）andazurite（蓝铜矿）andthatthemoltenmetalcanbecastintodifferentshapes.5000BC(estimated)Introducesextractivemetallurgy--themeansofunlockingtheEarth'smineralogicaltreasures.提炼铜（铸造）19THETOPTEN--9X-raydiffractionMaxvonLauediscoversthediffractionofx-raysbycrystals.CreatesmeanstocharacterizecrystalstructuresandinspiresW.H.BraggandW.LBraggindevelopingthetheoryofdiffractionbycrystals,providinginsightintotheeffectsofcrystalstructureonmaterialproperties.191220THETOPTEN--10BessemerProcess•HenryBessemerpatentsabottom-blownacidprocessformeltinglowcarboniron.•Ushersintheeraofcheap,largetonnagesteel,therebyenablingmassiveprogressintransportation,buildingconstruction,andgeneralindustrialization.转炉炼钢法185621•过程：理解性能和结构的重要环节；•结构：深入理解性能和计算能量的中心环节；•能量:控制结构的形成和过程的进行。结构和性能是材料科学的核心问题内部结构性能应用制备过程能量材料结构与性能22材料结构材料结构材料组元排列方式运动方式材料的物质组元，如原子、分子和离子组元间的结合类型，如金属键、离子键、共价键、分子键电子的运动、原子的热运动23•材料结构在不同层次（不同水平）上的含义原子排布最细微水平——原子结构电子构型化学键合原子与电子性缺陷（使材料表现金属、陶瓷和高分子的性能；对材料的电学、磁学、热学、光学乃至耐腐蚀性能都有重大影响）单晶第二层次——原子在空间的排列多晶非晶（晶体结构严重影响到材料的力学性能(强度、塑性、韧性等))线缺陷第三层次——材料的显微组织形貌面缺陷体缺陷表面缺陷(缺陷的种类与数量不同导致材料质量与性能悬殊。)242526Interatomicdistance~afewÅAhumanhairis~50μmElongatedbumpsthatmakeupthedatatrackonCDare~0.5μmwide,minimum0.83μmlong,and125nmhigh27LevelofStructureExampleofTechnologiesAtomicStructureDiamond–edgeofcuttingtoolsAtomicArrangements:Lead-zirconium-titanateLong-RangeOrder[Pb(ZrxTi1-x)]orPZT–(LRO)gasignitersAtomicArrangements:Amorphoussilica-fiberShort-RangeOrderopticalcommunications(SRO)industryLevelsofStructure28LevelofStructureExampleofTechnologiesNanostructureNano-sizedparticlesofironoxide–ferrofluidsMicrostructureMechanicalstrengthofmetalsandalloysMacrostructurePaintsforautomobilesforcorrosionresistance(Continued)2930研究晶体结构与性能关系时还必须考虑其尺寸的影响。从原子角度，分为体材料：三维方向上尺寸都很大的材料；低维材料：在一维、二维或三维方向上尺寸很小的材料，低维材料常具有目前体材料所不具备的性质。结构和性能的关系31组成-结构-性质-工艺过程之间关系示意图合成与制备过程使用性能性质组成与结构（化学）（工程）（物理学）Synthesis+ProcessingStructure+compositionPerformance/ApplicationPropertiesMaterialscienceistheinvestigationoftherelationshipamongprocessing,structure,properties,andperformanceofmaterials.Thetetrahedronofmaterials33•Thefourcomponentsofthedisciplineofmaterialsscienceandengineeringandtheirinterrelationship.•Withregardtotherelationshipsofthesefourcomponents,thestructureofamaterialwilldependonhowitisprocessed.Furthermore,amaterial’sperformancewillbeafunctionofitsproperties.性质性能34Anexampleoftheseprocessing-structure-properties-performanceprinciplesPhotographofthreethindiskspecimensofaluminumoxide,whichhavebeenplacedoveraprintedpageinordertodemonstratetheirdifferencesinlight-transmittancecharacteristics.Thediskontheleftistransparent(thatis,virtuallyalllightthatisreflectedfromthepagepassesthroughit),whereastheoneinthecenteristranslucent(meaningthatsomeofthisreflectedlightistransmittedthroughthedisk).And,th