1海明威

1.海明威HemingwayErnestMillerHemingway(1899-1961)isoneofthemostfamousAmericanauthorsofthe20thcentury.HewasborninOakPark,Chicago,Illinois.Hisfatheroftenwenthuntingandfishing.Hismotherwasveryinterestedinliterature.BothofthesehadanprofoundimpactonHemingway'sfuturelifeexperiencesandliterarycreation.A、DuringWWIIn1914,WorldWarIhadbrokenout.HemingwayjoinedtheRedCrossandenterthebattlefield.Whichthecruelwargavehimarecountlessscarsonhisbodyandlingering，devilishmemory.Afterthen，hepublishedhisfirstinfluentialnovel——TheSunAlsoRises.ItdescribestheWorldWarImakesyoungAmericansfeellost，emptyanddepressedandtheyarecalledTheLostGeneration.ErnestHemingwayistried,atsomecost,topreservethetruthofdirectexperience.AnothernovelAFarewelltoArmsisalsooneofhisrepresentativesofTheLostGeneration.B、BetweenWWIandWWIIIntimesofpeace，HemingwaylivedinFloridaandCubaandlivedapeacefullife.Hewenthunting，fishingandalsolikedwatchbullfight.C、DuringWWIIAfterthePacificwarbrokeout，heevenimprovisedhisyachtassubmarinetodetectGermanarmyandoffertheinformationtoAmericangovernment.In1940,hecreatedForWhomtheBellTollsandin1952hepublishedhisbest-knownnovel，atleasttoChinesepeople，OldManAndTheSea.D、AfterWWIIIn1954，HemingwaywontheNobelPrizeforLiteraturebutthenhewastorturedbyseveralkindsofdiseases.Henevercreatedsomeinfluentialworksafterthat，andfinally，mayhewasunwillingtobedefeated，heputaguninhismouthandpulledthetrigger.欧内斯特·米勒尔·海明威，美国小说家。海明威出生于美国伊利诺伊州芝加哥市郊区的奥克帕克，晚年在爱达荷州凯彻姆的家中自杀身亡。海明威代表作有《老人与海》、《太阳照样升起》、《永别了，武器》、《丧钟为谁而鸣》等，凭借《老人与海》获得1953年普利策奖及1954年诺贝尔文学奖。海明威被誉为美利坚民族的精神丰碑，并且是“新闻体”小说的创始人，他的笔锋一向以“文坛硬汉”著称。海明威的写作风格以简洁著称，对美国文学及20世纪文学的发展有极深远的影响。Hemingwaywasessentiallyanegativewriter.海明威的作品中充满了死亡的意象。死亡是海明威从事创作的重要切入点,他通过对死亡的艺术描写,表达了自己对社会、人生、历史的关注和思考,从而形成了其独特的视角。早年的海明威,精力旺盛,富有想象力,对于冒险极有兴趣。他的父亲常常带他到密执安森林区去狩猎,去印第安人居住地出诊。这一经历使他感受到了变化莫测的大自然和极其原始的印第安人生活,成为他日后创作的源泉。成年后的他经历了一个较常人更频繁的与死亡打交道的历程。他亲历了第一次世界大战、第二次世界大战和西班牙内战,还五次以战地记者的身份在战火中出生入死。他在意大利前线负了重伤,身中弹片多达230多块,还多次被雷电击中。在战场上,他目睹了战争的残酷,也亲眼看见了一个个鲜活的生命是怎样走向死亡的深渊,接二连三的死亡不断强化着海明威的死亡情节,同时战争的残酷与惨烈使海明威习惯从死亡中去追寻生命的尊严和价值,这也成为他日后创作中表现死亡的心理动因。他一生出过五次车祸,其中在伦敦的汽车失事中,海明威头部和膝部受伤,几家报纸都已登出讣告,但最终他却活了过来。1953年他与妻子玛丽去非洲狩猎,发生了两次飞机失事,身受重伤,但仍然活了下来。这两次空难使海明威对死亡的认知更加全面而具体,同时,死亡的频频降临也使他对死亡的认知更富有理性,他曾说:“死自有一种美。”对死亡的独特感受使海明威笔下的人物都是执着挑战死亡的英雄人物,也都是他人生经历与感悟的具体化。海明威九死一生的经历使得他一生都在思考生存与死亡,他说:“我要打到生命的最后一天,那时我就要跟自己打,目的是要把死亡当作一种美的目的来接受。”晚年的海明威身体极端不好,甚至已影响了他自认为生命的文学创作,此时的他认为死亡是生命灿烂之美的最后绽放。最终,他亲自实践了自己对生命的感悟。悟,选择了一种最有尊严的死法———举起猎枪对着自己。这一选择也在其作品中不断出现,表现了海明威对于生命与死亡的超然感悟2.TheIcebergTheory(alsoknownasthetheoryofomission)（一版本）ItisthewritingstyleofAmericanwriterErnestHemingway.“Ifawriterofproseknowsenoughofwhatheiswritingabouthemayomitthingsthatheknowsandthereader,ifthewriteriswritingtrulyenough,willhaveafeelingofthosethingsasstronglyasthoughthewriterhadstatedthem.Thedignityofmovementofanice-bergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabovewater.Awriterwhoomitsthingsbecausehedoesnotknowthemonlymakeshollowplacesinhiswriting.”-----DeathIntheAfternoon（另一版本—可以合起来看）Hedevelopedandpridedhimselfonaphilosophyofwritingthathetermed“theicebergprinciple”.Hemingwaydescribedthisstyleofwritinginthefollowingterms:Ialwaystrytowriteontheprincipleoftheiceberg.Thereisseven-eighthsofitunderwaterforeverypartthatshows.Anythingyouknowyoucaneliminateanditonlystrengthensyouriceberg.Itisthepartthatdoesn'tshow.3.Hemingway’sCodeHero硬汉形象（一版本）Code--asetofrulesofconduct(守则)towhichtheHemingway’scharacterwouldadhere坚持.Hemingwayisknowntofocushisnovelsaroundcodeheroeswhostrugglewiththemixtureoftheirtragicfaultsandthesurroundingenvironment.ThetypicalHemingway'shero-oneareusuallywoundedbutstrong,moresensitiveandwoundedbecausestronger,enjoysthepleasuresoflife(sex,alcohol,sport)infaceofruinanddeathandmaintains.（另一版本）Hemingwayhero:apersonwith“despairingcourage”Accordingtohiscode,amanisdefinedbywill,pride,andendurance忍耐:theendurancetoacceptpain,evenloss,whenthelosscannotbeavoided;theprideofknowingthatonehasdoneone'sbest,withthecouragetoacttrulyaccordingtoone'sownnature;andthewilltofacedefeatorvictorywithoutwhiningononehandorboastingontheother.4.Hemingway’sWritingstyle（一版本）Hemingway’sstyleischaracterizedbyshortandsimplereal-lifedialogues,conciselanguagewithveryfewadjectivesandadverbs,deliberateomission简短精炼andsoon,insteadofthetediousstyleofthe19thcentury.Hemingwaystyle:simplicityandeconomy节省ofexpression;short,uncomplicatedsentences;colloquialstyle口语体Hemingwaydevelopedaspare,tight,reportorialprosebasedonsimplesentencestructureandusingarestrictedvocabulary,preciseimagery,andanimpersonal,dramatictone.(另一版本)Hemingwayisdirect.Heseldomexpresseshisownsentimentoneventshappenedaroundhimandhewillneverexpressanycommentsorexplanations.Onthecontrary，hewillnarrateanddescribetheeventsobjectivelyandpeacefully.Thenarrativeexpressionisjustliketheoneightstopofanicebergwhichhasbeenemergedonthesea，andtheotherseveneightsareleftforreaders'personalcomprehensionandanalysis.AlltheworksofHemingway，nomatterlongorshort，arealmostexpressedatenderandprofoundemotionbyhisstraightforwardwritingstylewhicharejustliketheflowingfulgurite.Hemingway'swritingstylewasprobablythemostw