控制藻类暴发的可行性技术回顾

PresentationsofIntegratedManagementofAlgalBloomWorkshopinSuzhouChina(October2009)ACEDPLakeTaiWaterPollutionTreatmentProjectReviewofavailableReviewofavailabletechniquesforcontrolofAlgaltechniquesforcontrolofAlgalBloomsBlooms控制藻类暴发的可行性技术回顾控制藻类暴发的可行性技术回顾AssociateProfessorMichaelBurchAssociateProfessorMichaelBurchAustralianWaterQualityCentreAustralianWaterQualityCentre澳大利亚水质中心澳大利亚水质中心SAWaterSAWater南澳大利亚南澳大利亚ControllingCyanobacteria蓝藻控制-Whataretheoptions有哪些控制措施？•Poison毒害•Starve挨饿•Eat取食•Infect感染•Irradiate照射Poison毒害Algicides除藻剂•CopperCompounds:铜化合物•CopperSulphate硫酸铜•CopperChelates铜螯合物•HydrogenPeroxide–过氧化氢•Exampleformulations:PHYCOMYCINSCP-85%activeconcentratedformofSodiumCarbonatePeroxyhydrate如：须霉素SCP-85%活性浓缩的过一水偏碳酸钠•Chlorine氯•Potassiumpermanganate高锰酸钾•Lime石灰•BarleyStraw大麦秸秆TraditionalAlgalControl-CopperSulphate传统藻类控制方法-硫酸铜CopperSulphateasanAlgicide硫酸铜作为除藻剂CopperCopperSulSulphphateasanateasanAlgicideAlgicide硫酸铜作为除藻剂硫酸铜作为除藻剂Advantages优点:Availability容易获得Relativelylowtoxicity(toaquaticorganismsandhumans)毒性相对较低（对于水生物体和人类）Price价格Disadvantages缺点:Short-livedtoxicity-onlytemporarykillingofalgae毒性较短-只能暂时杀死藻类Algicidescausecelllysis-Toxinandodorrelease除藻剂引起细胞溶菌作用-释放毒素和臭气Fishkillsduetocoppertoxicityoroxygendepletion硫酸铜毒性或溶解氧的消耗导致鱼类的死亡Copperresistantalgaemaydevelop?出现对铜有抗性的藻类？Copperaccumulation-longtermecologicalconsequences?铜的积累效应-长期生态效应Toxictonon-targetfish,invertebrates对非目标鱼类，无脊椎动物的毒性Howdoesitwork?如何作用Howdoesitwork?如何作用•Bioavailability&ToxicitycontrolledbyFacilitatedDiffusion通过容易的扩散控制生物利用率&毒性External外部Membrane膜CellInterior细胞内部Cu-LL2-+Cu2+PPCuP+Cu2+Cytotoxicityfrom-bindingto-SHgroups-ExcessH2O2productionO2radicalsPComplexation络合•Copperisrapidly“complexed“anddetoxifiedby铜迅速被络合而导致毒性的解除–Inorganicligands-carbonates(pH-8.1)无机配体-碳酸盐–Organics-(DOC-8.6mg/L)有机物-（总有机碳-8.6mg/L）ReasonsforPoorToxicity(1)导致毒性效果较差的原因（1）pHandCopperComplexationpH和铜络合Poordispersal分散效果较差•Copperisnotdispersedtocontacttargetalgaeduetopoormixingunderstratifiedconditions在水体分层的情况下，由于混合性较差，铜不能被有效地分散以和目标藻类充分接触ReasonsforPoorToxicity(2)导致毒性效果较差的原因（2）TemperatureProfileinBarossaReservoiratTimeofAdditionofCoppersulphate投加硫酸铜后Barossa水库的水温情况DepthProfilesofCopperoverTime(29days)afterDosing-BarossaReservoirBarossa水库投加药剂29天后铜的分布情况Toxiccopper含有毒性的铜“Non-toxiccopper”无毒性的铜“Complexation”络合Dispersion&Dilution分散&稀释Dosingandlossofcoppertoxicitybycomplexation络合作用导致的所投加的铜的毒性损失情况Anabaenagrowthinthereservoir水库中鱼腥藻的生长情况DosingofAnabaena-justafter投加药剂控制鱼腥藻—刚刚投加之后DosingofAnabaena-sometimelater投加药剂控制鱼腥藻—一段时间之后(48-72hours)Andanotherproblem...另外一个问题Copperpersistsinthereservoirandhasaneffectuponthesubsequentwatertreatmentprocess铜长期存在于水库水体中对后续的水处理过程造成影响-bycontaminatingthealumsludge污染明矾污泥1985FMAMJJASONDJ00.050.100.150.200.250.300.350.400.450.50Coppersulfatetreatment0.5mg/LCuCopperPersistence-HappyValleyReservoir铜的持久性-HappyValley水库CopperTotalmg/LDateCompleteremovaltakes3-5Months完全去除需要3-5个月•CoppersulphatedoesnotworkwellinreservoirswithhighpH,AlkalinityandDOC在高pH,碱度和有机碳的水库中，硫酸铜不能起到很好的作用•Althoughcoppercanpersistformonthsinthewatercolumnhoweverthetoxicitycanbelostwithin48hours尽管铜可以在水体中存在数个月，然而其产生的毒性可能在48小时内就消失了。•Dosingofcyanobacteriaislesslikelytoworkundermixed(windy)conditions在混合的（风力）条件下，投加的蓝藻控制药剂可能不起作用。ConclusionsregardingCopperSulphate硫酸铜的相关结论Recommendations建议Optionstoenhancethetoxicityofcopper加强铜毒性的措施•Doseundercalm,stratifiedconditions-thisrequires“intelligent”monitoringofstratification在平静的分层水体环境中加药-这要求对分层现象进行“智能”监测•Carefullycalculatethearealdose-applicationratesbaseduponsurfaceareaandthedepthofthesurfacemixedlayer精确计算单位面积的投加量-基于水表面区域和表面混合层的深度的投加速率•Determineoptimumdoseratesfordifferentstrainsaccuratelyusingthecellactivitybioassay.利用细胞活性的精确测定为不同种类确定最佳的药剂投加速率“Poison”-BarleyStraw毒害–大麦秸秆Starve-ofNutrients?挨饿–营养物质ExternalSources外部来源•Interceptthenutrientsinthecatchment:在流域水体进行营养物质拦截•Ontheland-Improvingcaptureinthecatchment在陆地–提高流域水体的营养物拦截效果•Inthestream-weirs,sedimentationbasins&wetlands在溪流-堰堤，沉积盆地&湿地Starve-ofNutrients?挨饿–营养物质InternalSources内部来源Stoppingtheinternalreleaseofnutrientsfromthesediments阻止底泥中营养物质的内源释放•Oxygenatethesedimentsbymixing通过搅拌对底泥进行充氧•sedimentcappingagents–Alum,Lime,Modifiedclay(‘Phoslock’),aluminiumminerals底泥固定剂–明矾，石灰，改良的粘土（固磷剂），铝矿物•Bacteria–“bio-augmentationagents”and“bioenhancement”compoundsofmicrobesandenzymes细菌–“生物增强剂”和微生物“生物强化”化合物和酶Reducingsedimentnutrientrelease–modifiedclay(Phoslock),alum,lime降低沉积物营养物质的释放–改良的粘土（固磷剂），明矾，石灰Principle:原理•Stripthephosphorusoutofthewater将磷从水中去除•Bindittomakeitunavailableforthealgae使底泥释放的磷无法与藻类接触•Sedimentittothebottom使磷营养元素沉积到底部ModifiedClay-Phoslock®改良的粘土–固磷剂Phoslockapplication磷剂的应用(courtesyPhoslock.com.au)Phoslock®固磷剂-lanthanummodifiedbentoniteclayHowitworks–fromproductliterature工作原理-产品报告(courtesyPhoslock.com.au)•AsthePhoslockmovesdownthroughthewatercolumn,upto95%oftheFRPisrapidlyremovedandadsorbedontothesurface,forminganinsolublecomplexwithintheclaystructure.固磷剂在水体中沉降，高达95%的FRP被快速的去除并被表面吸收，与粘土结构形成一种不溶的复合体•AsthePhoslocksettlesonthesediment-waterinterfaceitformsa1-3mmlayer.ThislayerofPhoslockiscapableofadsorbingtheFRPfromthesedimentlayeronitsavai