数据分析和总结

1&ElizabethNewton()JacquelineTelford()RoyWelsch()2“”3CharlesJosephMinard1864://(R)Insightfuliris[“SepalW”,“Setosa”]9IrisS-PLUSRS-PLUS(R)Insightfuliris2110S-PlusS-PLUSRS-PLUS(R)Insightfulxjitter(x)11•12n=24(){31,13,20,21,24,25,25,27,28,40,29,30,31,23,31,32,35,28,36,37,38,40,50,17}••••approx.sqrt(n)“bins”•••13IrisS-PLUSRS-PLUS(R)Insightful14IrisS-PLUSRS-PLUS(R)Insightful15Cum.405016IrisS-PLUSRS-PLUS(R)Insightful17••“”•0.5nn{0,1,2}1n=3n+1=4&(n+1)/2=2(){0,1,2,3}1.5n=4•1819xpXpP(Xxp)=pnS-Plusqnorm(p)0p1,S-Pluspnorm(q)X(1),…,X(n)pp20CDFS-PLUSRS-PLUS(R)Insightfulxpnorm(x)2112p,:*p=np.3npnpxp4npk,k(k+1)xp22p100p•{0,1,2,3,4,5,6}={x(1),x(2),x(3),x(4),x(5),x(6),x(7)}n=7Q1=ceiling(0.25*7)=2Q1=x(2)=1=25Q2=ceiling(0.50*7)=4Q2=x(4)=3=(50)Q3=ceiling(0.75*7)=6Q3=x(6)=5=75S-Plus23150255075Q1,Q2,Q3,“”224IQRQ3-Q1•2526{0,1,2,3,4,5,6}={x(1),x(2),x(3),x(4),x(5),x(6),x(7)}=(0+1+2+3+4+5+6)/7=21/7=3,06Q1=x(2)=1=25Q2=x(4)=3=(50)Q3=x(6)=5=75606IQR=Q3Q1514,s2[(02+12+22+32+42+52+62)-7(32)]/(7-1)=[91-63]/6=4.67s=sqrt(4.67)=2.1627s2s500.67s,681s,952s,99.73sIQR(+0.67s)-(-0.67s)=1.34s28S-PLUSRS-PLUS(R)Insightful•xdnorm(x)29IQR=Q3-Q1Q31.5IQRQ31.5IQR,30IrisS-PLUSRS-PLUS(R)Insightfuliris2131QQipp=(i-0.5)/n,0p1i/(n+1)i/npS-Plusqnorm(p)vs.S-Plus:plot(qnorm((1:length(y)-0.5)/n),sort(y))32IrisQQS-PLUSRS-PLUS(R)Insightfuliris2133xlogx()4.11exx234S-PLUSRS-PLUS(R)Insightfulx35S-PLUSRS-PLUS(R)Insightfullog(x)36S-PLUSRS-PLUS(R)Insightful37xyxyxyxy383940•“”41•199020001990&97,0002000&91,000•42“”•••“”4319801990f1f2=450.5$60,0000.7$70,000450.5$120,0000.3$130,000$90,000$88,00044•4519805019907045•JohnsonWichernBusinessStatistics:DecisionMakingwithData.Wiley,FirstEdition,19974647“”BenjaminDisraeli48AB4950xyp-11xi,yir=-1r=1xy0•4.154.164.17ab.51S-PLUSRS-PLUS(R)Insightfulxy52S-PLUSRS-PLUS(R)Insightfulxy53S-PLUSRS-PLUS(R)Insightfulxy5455••••BrushandSpinplots•56S-PLUSRS-PLUS(R)Insightful•57IrisS-PLUSRS-PLUS(R)Insightful58S-PLUSNGC75313230000/59S-PLUSRS-PLUS(R)Insightful603DS-PLUSRS-PLUS(R)Insightful61S-PLUSRS-PLUS(R)Insightful623DS-PLUSRS-PLUS(R)Insightful63••CharlesJosephMinard(1781-1870)1812•Minard••“”EdwardTufteTheVisualDisplayofQuantitativeInformation.Cheshire,CT:GraphicsPress,2001,pp.4066S-Plus67S-PLUSRS-PLUS(R)Insightful68ab69•xxy(xa,ya),(xb,yb),(xc,yc)••70~S-PLUSRS-PLUS(R)Insightful71xsn-2ab721.2.3.4.xy73S-PLUSRS-PLUS(R)Insightful74S-PLUSRS-PLUS(R)Insightful75•••y•x••276plot(temperature,ozone)lines(smooth.spline(temperature,ozone,df=16.5))S-PLUSRS-PLUS(R)Insightful77plot(temperature,ozone)lines(smooth.spline(temperature,ozone,df=6))S-PLUSRS-PLUS(R)Insightful78vs.“”791.2.3.4.5.{xt,t=1,2,…T}Xtvs.801.2.81MAw(w)MAeqn4.12,xy820w10.20.3EWMA83lag1K84S-Pluslag.plot(x)orplot(x[1:(n-i)],x[(i+1):n])S-PLUSRS-PLUS(R)Insightful85JohnW.Tukey(1915-2000)“bit”“software”“”“”