Comparison_between_English_and_Chinese

ComparisonbetweenEnglishandChineseNativeLanguageTransferinFLLearning:InterferenceorFacilitation?外语学习中的母语迁移：干扰还是促进？WhatIsLanguageTransfer?Transferistheinfluenceresultingfromthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetargetlanguageandanyotherlanguagethathasbeenpreviouslyacquired.Odlin(1989:27)迁移是由于目标语与已经习得的语言之间的相似和差异而产生的影响。奥德林TwoTypesofTransferNegativeTransfer(负迁移)Errorsarisefromanalogy.类推会产生错误。PositiveTransfer（正迁移）Errorsdecreasebyanalysis.分析能减少错误。KeenawarenessofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetwolanguagescanfacilitateFLlearning.对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。NegativeTransfer(负迁移):Interference(干扰)Causes:analogicaluseofone’spriorknowledgeofthemothertongue母语先知结构的类推运用scantyknowledgeofdifferencesbetweenthetwolanguages对两种语言的差异所知甚少unconsciousfallingbackonthemothertonguespeechhabit不自觉地回归母语的言语习惯ExamplesofNegativeTransfer1.Heonlyeattwomealaday.Morphologicaltransfer（词形迁移）NeithernounsnorverbshaveinflectionsinChinese.在汉语中，名词和动词都没有形态变化。ExamplesofNegativeTransfer2.Shanghaiissaidtohavethirteenmillionpopulation.Collocationtransfer(搭配迁移)Thenounrenkou,theChineseequivalentof‘population’,canhaveanumericalpre-modifier.Population的汉语对应词“人口”在汉语中可以用前置数词来修饰。ExamplesofNegativeTransfer3.--YourEnglishiswonderful.--No,no.MyEnglishisstillpoor.Pragmatictransfer(语用迁移)ThenegativereplytoacomplimentisconsideredinChineseasmodestandcourteous.对赞扬的否定回答在汉语中被视为谦虚有礼貌。“我相信，对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的差别，在每一个具体问题—词形、词义、语法范畴、句子结构上，都尽可能用汉语的情况来跟英语作比较，让他通过这种比较得到更深刻的领会。”——吕叔湘《中国人学英语》一种事物的特点，要跟别的事物比较才能显出来．——吕叔湘DifferenceBetweenComparativeStudyandContrastiveStudyComparativeStudylaysemphasisonthesimilaritiesbetweenlanguagesandappliesthediachronicmethodofresearch.比较研究着重寻找语言间的相似点，运用历时的研究方法。ContrastiveStudylaysemphasisonthedifferencesbetweenlanguagesandappliesthesynchronicmethodofresearch.对比研究着重寻找语言间的不同点，运用共时的研究方法。AContrastiveStudyinGeneral1、谱系(languagefamily)汉语---汉臧语系Sino-Tibetan英语---印欧语系Indo-European2、类型(type)语言的本质汉语---分析型(analytical)英语---综合型(synthetic);由分析型向综合型发展3.文字系统(writingsystem)汉语:有表意倾向的音节文字(ideographic-orientedsyllabicscript)英语拼音文字(alphabeticscript)4.语音(phonetics)汉语是声调语言(tonelanguage)英语是语调语言(intonationlanguage)5.MorphologyEnglish有屈折变化（inflections）：性、数、格、时、体、态、语气、人称、比较级等；Chinese没有形态变化，但有量词（动量词）、语气词、形态助词；Topic-prominentvs.Subject-prominentHypotacticvs.ParatacticLeft-branchingvs.Right-branchingTop-heavyvs.End-weightStaticvs.DynamicImpersonalvs.Personal(Inanimatevs.Animate)Passivevs.ActiveSubstitutivevs.RepetitiveSyntheticvs.AnalyticContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseTopic-CommentSentenceStructure（话题-评论结构）EnglishSubject-PredicateSentenceStructure（主语-谓语结构）Topic-prominentLanguage话题突出型语言Subject-prominentLanguage主语突出型语言汉语：主题显著的语言(topic-prominentlanguage),采用主题-述题(topic-comment)的句式“话语---说明结构”汉语句子建立在意念主轴(thought-pivot)上。英语：主语显著的语言(subject-prominentlanguage),几乎都采用主语-谓语(subject-predicate)的句式“主语---谓语结构”英语句子建立在形式(或主谓)主轴(form-pivot)上。赵元任先生在《汉语口语语法》（1986）一书中指出：“在汉语里把主语、谓语当作话题和说明来看待，比较合适。”。汉语句子的“话题”与“说明”是从句子顺序上说的。“话题”是说话人想要说明的对象，总是放在句子开头处。如果语言环境或上下文能暗示话题，也可能省略不提。“说明”部分位于话题之后，对话题进行说明、解释或质疑。“何以解忧，惟有杜康。”“白发三千丈，缘愁似个长。”故智者之举事也，满则虑嗛，平则虑险，安则虑危。（荀子）我的小孙子他很调皮。Mylittlegrandsonisverynaughty.那所房子你们早该修了。Youshouldhaverepairedthehouse.英语这门语言，学会它可不容易。ItisbynomeanseasytolearntheEnglishlanguage.这里建大桥，我看行不通。Idon’tthinkitworkabletobuildabridgehere.我的小孙子他很调皮。那所房子你们早该修了。英语这门语言，学会它可不容易。这里建大桥，我看行不通。•Mylittlegrandsonisverynaughty.•Youshouldhaverepairedthehouse.•ItisbynomeanseasytolearntheEnglishlanguage.•Idon’tthinkitworkabletobuildabridgehere.ChineseStructure:Topic-Comment话题-评论EnglishStructure:Subject-Predicate主语-谓语Thefirmwallsofthecastleservedasagooddefenseagainsttheattackers.原译：那城堡的坚固城墙充当了抵御进攻者的良好防御物。改译：那座城堡的城墙很坚固，能很好地防御敌人的进攻。评论：SVO三分结构，直译，显得不通顺。改译为阴阳结构，原主语的偏正结构变为描写句（名词＋形容词），后句续评论。通顺，符合汉语表达习惯。Thatdirtyhouseisanoffensetoeveryonewholivesinthestreet.那座肮脏的老房子使住在那条街上的人都很讨厌它。那座老房子很脏，住在那条街上的人都很讨厌它。Hereffortgainedherareputation.她的努力为他赢得了声誉。她很努力，名声很好。Hisskillqualifyhimforthejob.他的技艺使他有资格担任这一工作。他有技术，能担任这一工作。Youareluckyenoughtohaveaunitedfamily.你真幸运，能有一个和睦的家庭。你家庭和睦，真有福气。汉语句子的特点：话题说明，叙述分层，可断可续，意尽为界；英语句子的特点：主谓搭架，枝叶上挂，叠床架屋，都有语法。ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseMeaning-focusedwithemphasisonimplicitcoherence(隐性连贯)Paratactic语义型语言(以意统形)EnglishForm-focusedwithemphasisonexplicitcohesion（显性联接）Hypotactic形态型语言(以形驭意)①我常见许多青年的朋友，②聪明用功，③成绩优异，④而语文程度不足以达意，⑤甚至写一封信亦难得通顺，⑥问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面。——(梁实秋《学问与趣味》)Translation1:①Ihavecomeacrossagreatmanyyoungfriends,②brightanddiligent,③doexceedinglywellinstudies,④buttheyareratherweakinChinese,⑤evencan’twriteasmoothChineseletter.⑥Whenaskedwhy,they’llsaytheyarenotinterestedinChinese.Ihavecomeacrossagreatmanybrightanddiligentyoungfriendswhohavedoneexceedinglywellintheirstudies,butareratherweakinChinese.TheycannotevenwritealetterincorrectChinese.WhenIaskedthemwhy,theysaidtheywerenotinterestedintheChineselanguage.——(张培基)Pleasetranslatethefollowing:人到齐就开会。Themeetingwillbeginwhenallarehere.不要人云亦云。Don’tsaywhatothershavesaid.帐单撕碎了。Thebillwastorntopieces.问题解决了。Theproblemwassolved.Pleasetranslatethefollowing:你再说一个字，我马上走。Ifyo