法律英语法律术语

1/151、TWOMAINLEGALFAMILIESCommon/English/English-AmericanLaw(Legal)System/Family普通法系-caselawsystem-Anglo-Saxoncase-lawsystem-Anglo-AmericanlegalsystemContinental/Roman/CivilLaw(Legal)System/Family大陆法系-civilianlegalsystem-civil-lawsystem2、civillaw民法、国内法、罗马法、大陆法3、substantiveLaw（实体法）VSproceduralLaw（程序法）4、caselaw（案例法）vs.statutorylaw（成文法）statutory/written/codified/enactedlaw制定法、成文法5、adversarytrialsystem（对抗制）vs.inquisitorialsystem（纠问制）6、jurytrialsystem陪审团制度7、ThereportsoftheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt联邦最高法院判例汇编ThereportsofsomeStates州法院判例汇编8、legalcases法律案例9、privatelawand/vs.publiclaw10、thestatutorylawcontinuestobesubjecttobindinginterpretationthroughcaselaw（其成文法继续适用通过判例法(注：即先例)进行的有约束力的解释）11、Commonlaw(innarrowsense):-commongenerallaw-locallaw-itinerantjudgesoftheEnglishroyalcourt-enforcementofaclaim-specialformofaction:writ-classicalRomanlaw-ProvisionsofOxford(1258)牛津条例-“writuponthecase”本案令状12、enforcement强制执行；claim请求；action诉讼行为；writ法院令状；recourse追索权；追索，追偿13、Equitylaw衡平法-“equity”——doingequity-chancellor-relief救济-judiciary-CourtofChancery（衡平法院）and/vs.ordinarycommonlawcourts-maxim-fixed,inflexible-equitabledoctrines(e.g.lawofsalvageatsea)-Inaconflictbetweenlaw&equity,equityshouldprevail.14、awardcompensatory,compensatedamagesspecificperformance特定履行|实际履行injunction强制令real/immoveableproperty（不动产）and/vs.personal/moveableproperty（动产）15、commonlawremedy/relief:普通法救济-(compensatory)damages金钱赔偿2/1516、equity/equitableremedies/relief:衡平法救济-injunction(atemporaryorfinalordertodoornottodoaspecificact)强制令-specificperformance(apartytoanagreementisorderedbythecourttoperformhisobligationsaccordingtothetermsoftheagreement)-restitution17、judicialexpress（明示）vs.implied（默示）provision,providejurisdiction管辖区域,法域;(司法）管辖权civilsuit民事诉讼titlethelawofproperty财产法beforethejudge在法庭上17、apply/applicable/available适用于besubjectto受。。。。的约束ThiscaseissubjecttoChineselaw.受……约束，引申为适用Chineselawapplies/isapplicableto/isavailabletothiscase.适用于18、precedent先例judge-madelaw法官制定的法律makethelaw制定法律usagetermconnote/meanincontrastto,ascontrastedwithsubjectmatter标的19、Twoparallelcourtsystems(DoubleTracksystem)双轨制FederalCourtSystem联邦法院系统-U.S./FederalDistrictCourt联邦地区法院-U.S./FederalCourtofAppeals联邦上诉法院-U.S./FederalSupremeCourt联邦最高法院StateCourtSystem州法院系统-Trial/circuitCourt审判法院|巡回法院-StateAppellateCourt(CourtofAppeals)上诉法院-StateSupremeCourt最高法院20、Separationofpowers-Legislativebranch:Congress-Executivebranch:President-Judicialbranch:CourtsChecksandBalancesJudicialReview-theabilityofacourttodecideontheconstitutionalityoflegislation21、美国的法官联邦和州最高法院的法官——大法官，justiceChiefJusticeAssociateJustice3/15上诉法院和审判法院的法官——法官，judgeChiefJusticeAssociateJustice基层法院的审判人员——治安法官，justiceofthepeace——司法官，magistrate22、TheU.S.SupremeCourt,composeofninejustices,sitsasthefinalandcontrollingvoiceoverallthesesystems.美国联邦最高法院由9个大法官(1ChiefJusticeand8AssociateJustice)组成，对全部这些法律体系有最终的控制性的发言权。23、issue问题，争论点litigant诉讼当事人plead(thecase)（向法庭）陈述案情;plead（在法庭）申辩，认罪，辩护;申诉;答辩;为…辩护,抗辩beforeacourtjudgment/decision/holdingappeal,appealablehear,hearinginwhichthecourtislocatedterritorytribunalcourt/judicialdecisionsreview/rehear重审，再审，复审proceedthroughasofrightvs.discretionarydiscretionabolish24、Two-tieredsystem两级审判制25、Since1988,reviewbytheSupremeCourtincivilcasesisdiscretionary;virtuallyallcivilappealsasofrighttothehighestcourthavebeenabolished.从1988年开始，最高法院对民事案件的复审有决定权；实际上，所有民事案件都可以作为(法定）权利而上诉到最高法院的作法已经被废除了。26、(compromise)approach-(internationalconventions)impose(on/uponsb.)capitalpunishmentwritofcertiorariprovidedforbystatutespecific27、adhocVersus(vs.orv.):29、允许上诉（grantleavetoappeal),30、审查下级法院判决的诉讼文件移送命令（writofcertiorari)31、US:ArticleIII,section2(UK:Section3,paragraph2;CN:Article3,paragraph2)Plaintiffvs.Defendantapplicant/claimantvs.respondentappellantvs.appelleecourtoffirst/second/lastinstancecourtoflastresort/finalhearing/finaljudgmenthigher/superiorcourtvs.lower/inferiorcourt31、constitutional1.宪法规定的,合乎宪法的2.宪法的justice1.正义;公正,合理2.法律制裁;司法;审判3.法官judicial司法的,法庭的,审判的,法官的（e.g.judicialacceptance,judicialsystem，judicialdecisions,judicialinterpretation…)judiciary司法，司法系统法庭或法庭制度；(总称)法官,审判官;司法系统，司法部;法院的;审判员的;司法的4/15careerjudiciary职业法官learnedjudges(e.g.LordDenning)justice(supremecourt),judgebench(court)trialand/vs.jurytrialtherulesandregulations规章制度provisions,treatieslaws,executiveactsandregulations法律，行政法令和条例32、becalled/admittedtotheBar具有开业律师资格barexaminationthepracticingbar执业律师thebenchvs.thebarberequiredtobeadmittedtopractice(law)butdonotpracticewhileonthebenchAmericanBarAssociation(ABA)beadmitted(topractice)beforethefederalcourtlawfirmattorney/attorneyatlaw/counselor（civil）advocate辩护律师consultant,advisor,planner,negotiatorhouse/corporatecounsel专职法律顾问，公司法律顾问TheUnitedStatesDepartmentofJustice(UK)solicitor/barrister32、律师美国Lawyer、Attorney、Attorney–at-law、Counselor、Counselor–at-law英国Barrister诉讼律师，大律师，出庭律师Solicitor非诉律师，诉状律师，事务律师32、大学后教育（postgraduate）美国法学院设立的学位JD，JurisDoctor——法律博士LLM，MasterofLaws——法学硕士SJD，DoctorofJuridicalScience——法学博士33、unjustenrichmentconnote/referto/meanbeavailableelements,requirements,conditions,requisites,prerequisitesLegal