Chapter 2 Word_Formation

Affixation(30%-40%)Compounding(28%-30%)Conversion(26%)ThemostproductivemethodsShortening(8%-10%)ClippingacronymyBlending1%-5%Chapter4WordFormationCorrectunderstandingoftherulesAruleofwordformationisoflimitedproductivity,i.e.notallwordswhichareproducedbyapplyingtheruleareacceptable.affixationThedefinitionandthedifferencebetweentheterm“affixation”and“derivation”affixationprefixationsuffixationDifferencebetweenprefixationandsuffixatonTheformationofnewwordsbyaddingtobases.Differencebetweenprefixesandsuffixes:prefixessuffixesprefixessuffixesword-classofthebaseDonotgenerallychangePrimaryfunctionistochangethegrammaticalfunctionofthebasemeaningofthebaseOnlymodifyAslightmodificationofmeaningclassificationOnasemanticbasis,Semanticsets,eachconsistingofallthemajorprefixesthathavesimilarmeaningandfunctions.OnagrammaticalbasisprefixesThemajorprefixescanbeclassifiedinto10categoriesbytheirmeaning.1.NegativePrefixes否定前缀2.Reversativeorprivativeprefixes逆反前缀3.Pejorativeprefixes贬义前缀4.Prefixesofdegreeorsize表范围和程度的前缀5.Prefixesoforientationandattitude表方向和态度的前缀6.Locativeprefixes方位前缀7.Prefixesoftimeandorder表时间和顺序的前缀8.Numberprefixes数字前缀9.Conversionprefixes10.Miscellaneousprefixesen-(embeforep,b,m)Beforenounsoradjectivestocreatetransitiveverbs.1.使成为2.使处于…状态Beforenouns,enslave(causetobe);empower(v.授权）embody(v.体现）endanger(V.使处于危险之中)Beforeadjectivestoformverbsenableenrichenlargeendear使受喜爱ensure担保Beforenounsandadjectivestoformtransitiveverbsbefriend(tobehaveasafriendto)becloud(tocoverwithclouds使遮暗,蒙蔽)benumb(Tomakenumb,especiallybycold;Tomakeinactive;dull:使失去知觉：使失去活力；使迟钝belittlebecalm(Tomakecalmorstill;soothe.使平静：成为安静的或静止的；使镇静)Withnounsplus–edtoyieldadjectivesbespectacled(Wearingeyeglasses)Benighted(Overtakenbynightordarkness陷入黑暗;Beinginastateofmoralorintellectualdarkness;unenlightened.蒙昧的：处于道德或智力的愚昧状态的；未启蒙的)A-isusedtomakeverbsandnoursbecomeapredicativeadjectives.asleepastray(误入歧途的)afire(燃烧着的)afoot(在进行中，活动着)Thesearethe3prefixesthatcanchangetheword-classofbases.en-,be-,a-1.Negativeprefixes(1)(1)un-wiseexpectedhappy(2)non-essentialsmokerresistance(3)dis-honestlikebelieve(4)in-correctformalfamous(5)im-mobilepatientbalance(6)il-illegalliteratelogical(7)ir-regularrationalreal1.Negativeprefixesprefixesmeaningexamplesun-not,theconverseofUnwise,unexpectednon-Nonessential,nonsomkerdis-Dishonest,dislikein-Informal,informalim-Immature,imbalanceil-Illegal,illogicalir-Irregular,irreal2.Reversativeprefixes(1)un-pack,wrap,do,dress(2)de-centralize,mobilize,forest,code(3)dis-connect,union,colour,heartenMeaning:Reversingtheaction3.Pejorativeprefixes(1)mis-hear,conduct,lead(2)mal-function,formed,odorous(3)pseud-oscience,democratic,memory3.Pejorativeprefixesprefixesmeaningexamplesmis-wronglymishearmal-badmalformedpseudo-falsepseudoscience4.Prefixesofdegreeorsize(1)arch-enemy,liar,bishop(2)super-man,natural,market,country(3)out-grow,run,live,weigh(4)over-simplify,value,confident,sensitive(5)under-cook,value,crowded,privilegedSuper-(beforeadj.)thequalitydescribedispresentinanunusuallylargedegree.Super-fresh最新鲜的Super-fit身体特别强壮的（beforeanoun）abigmorepowerful,ormoreimportantversionofaparticularthingSuper-rich超级富翁Super-model4.Prefixesofdegreeorsizeprefixesmeaningexamplesarch-supremearchbishopsuper-morethansupermarketout-surpassingoutlivesur-oversurchargesub-belowsubnormalover-excessiveoverconfidentunder-toolittleunderhandhyper-extremehypercriticalultra-extremeultrafashionablemini-littleminiskirt5.Prefixesofattitude(1)co(with)-exist,author,operate(2)counter(againist)-act,argument,example,revolution(3)anti-social,national,clockwise,slavery(4)pro(for)-revolutionary,CommonMarket,Chinese6.locativeprefixes(1)sub(under)-soilwaynational(2)inter(between,among)-marryplaynational(3)trans(across,fromaplacetoanother-Atlantic,continental,plant,sexual(4)fore(front)-arm,name,leg,ground7.Prefixesoftimeandorder(1)fore-tellseesightknowledge(2)pre-scloolwarliberationconsider(3)post-industrialgraduatewar(4)ex-presidentwifeservicepremier(5)re-considersellsettleshape7.Prefixesoftimeandorderprefixesmeaningexamplesfore-beforeforeseepre-inadvancepreschoolpost-afterpostindustrialex-formerex-presidentre-againresell8.Numberprefixes(1)semi-annualfeudalhemi-cyclesphere(2)uni-colorcornformmono-culturetone(3)di-oxidelemmabi-enniallinguallateral(4)tri-cycleennial(5)quadr-ennialanglequadri-cyclecorn(6)penta-gonchord(7)kilo-caloriewattmilli-litregram(8)mega-buckcity(9)poly-ethnicsyllablemulti-colourfaceted8.Numberprefixesprefixesmeaningexamplessemi-,demi-,hemi-halfsemi-feudal,demi-circle,hemisphereuni-,mono-oneuniform,monotonebi-,di-twobilingual,dioxidetri-threetrianglequadr(i)-,tetra-fourquadrennial,tetrapetalous8.Numberprefixesprefixesmeaningexamplesquinqu-,penta-fivequinquagenarian,pentagonhexa-,sex-sixhexahedron,sexcentenarysept-,hepta-sevenseptangle,heptadocta-eightoctadennea-nineennead9.Conversionprefixes(1)a-stridetremblewashsleep(2)be-calmlittlefriend(3)en-largerichdangerslave(4)em-powerplanebarbank9.Conve