第3章词素结构

Chapter3MorphologicalstructureofEnglishwordsObjectives:•Discussmorphemes,theirclassificationandidentification;•Explaintherelationshipbetweenmorphemesandword-formationTeachingfocus:•Definitionofmorphemes•Definitionofallomorphs•TypesofTypesofmorphemesfreemorphemeboundmorpheme•Definitionsofroot,stemandbase1.MorphemeWhatisamorpheme？Itistheminimalmeaningfulunitoflanguage.Oritisthesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords.语素是最小的有意义的单位。它是语言中最小的构词单位2.MorphandallomorphThedefinitionofmorphs：Thephoneticororthographicstringsorsegmentswhichrealizemorphemesaretermed‘morphs’.语素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素。Morphsareactualspoken,minimalcarriersofmeaning.形素是口语中最小的意义载体。Whatisanallomorph?Anallomorphisoneofthevariantsofthesamemorpheme.语素/形位变体是同一个语素的不同形式。ForexampleWhenthepluralmarker{s}isaddedtocat,dog,andhorse,itispronounceddifferentlyas/-s,-z,-iz/andthushasthreephonologicalforms;thethreeformsarejustthevariantsofthesamemorpheme{s},i.e.theallomorphsofmorpheme{s}.3.ClassificationsofmorphemesFreevs.boundmorphemesintermsoftheircapacityofoccurringaloneDerivationalvs.inflectionalmorphemesapplyingtoaffixesonlyContent/lexicalvs.grammaticalmorphemeonasemanticandsyntacticbasisFreevs.boundmorphemes自由语素与粘着语素Morphemeswhichareindependentofothermorphemesarefree.Freemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.自由语素是能独立运用的语素，它有完整的意义，在句中充当一个自由的语法单位。E.g.,man,wind,open,tourMorphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewordsarebound.Theyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwordsortoperformaparticulargrammaticalfunction.粘着语素不能独立成词，只能依附于其他语素上以构成词或担当一定的语法功能。Freemorphemesareallroots/freeroots,whicharecapableofbeingusedaswordsorasword-buildingelementstoformnewwords.自由语素都是词根,也叫自由词根,能用作词或作为构成新词的构词要素。Boundmorphemesconsistofeitherroots(boundroots)oraffixes.粘着语素包括词根（粘着词根）和词缀。E.g.,boundroot:-dict-,-ced-affix:-ion,-ist,-icAmultitudeofwordsmadeupofmerelyboundmorphemes,eg:ante-ced-ent.-ced-是词根，‘接近’，ante-是前缀，‘在…前’，-ent是后缀，‘人，物’，Derivationalvs.inflectionalmorphemes派生语素与屈折语素Whatarederivationalandinflectionalmorphemes?Derivationalmorphemesareusedtoderivenewwordswhentheyareaddedtoanothermorpheme.InEnglishderivativesandcompoundsareallformedbysuchmorphemes.派生语素附着于其它语素可派生出新词。英语中派生词和合成词都是由这样的语素构成的。Inflectionalmorphemesindicatethesyntacticrelationshipsbetweenwordsandfunctionasgrammaticalmarkers.Inflectionalmorphemesareconfinedtosuffixes.屈折语素作为语法标记表示词的语法意义，屈折语素只限于词缀。What’sthedifferencebetweenthem?InflectionalDoesn’tchangemeaningorpartofspeechofthestem.(work—works)Indicatessyntacticrelationsbetweendifferentwordsinasentence.(grammaticalmeaning)Occurswithallmembersofsomelargeclassofmorphemes.Occursatmarginsofwords.(radio—radios)DerivationalChangesmeaningorpartofspeechofthestem.(like--dislike,sleep—asleep)Indicatessemanticrelationswithintheword.(specificlexicalmeaning，e.g.,un-)OccurswithonlysomemembersofaclassofmorphemesOccursbeforeanyinflectionalsuffixesadded.Content/lexicalvs.grammaticalmorphemesLexical词汇/content实义morphemesaremorphemesusedfortheconstructionofnewwordsasincompoundwords(blackbirdiscoinedonthebasisof2lexicalmorphemes:blackandbird.),andderivationalmorphemessuchas–ship,-ize.Grammaticalmorphemesfunctionprimarilyasgrammaticalmarkers.Theyencompassbothinflectionalaffixes(-books)andfreemorphemes(in,and,do,have,they…functionalwords)3.4IdentifyingMorphemesHowtoidentifymorphemes?Theyshouldbeidentifiablebytheirforms,meaninganddistribution.e.g.,mono-morphemic:skydouble-morphemic:chill+y,boy+ishtriple-morphemic:un+dress+ed,care+less+nessfour-morphemic:un+fruit+ful+nessover-four-morphemic:un+gentle+man+li+nessInwhatsituationdomorphemesmismatchbetweenformandmeaning?1)Inconsistentinformandmeaning:singer(onewho)erclearer(thecomparativedegree)eraser(oneobject)2)Meaninglessinisolationbutmeaningfulinsomewordscran-huckle-berryboysen-3)Difficulttodefinethemeaning-ceiveinconceive/perceive/receive3.5MorphemeandWord-formationInword-formation,morphemesarelabeledroot,stem,baseandaffix.在构词法中,语素被分为词根、词干、词基和词缀。AffixAffixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction.Allaffixesareboundmorphemes.词缀都是粘着语素，依附在词根上构成新词或表示词的语法意义。Twotypesofaffixes:InflectionalaffixesandDerivationalaffixes屈折词缀和派生词缀Inflectionalaffixes(orinflectionalmorphemes)servetoindicatethesyntacticrelationshipsbetweenwordsandfunctionasgrammaticalmarkers.表示词的语法意义的是屈折词缀。Theyexpressthefollowingmeanings:Plurality名词复数Thegenitivecase名词所有格Thecomparativeandsuperlativedegrees形容词/副词比较级、最高级Theverbalendings动词词尾变化e.g.-sinchairs,pens;-esinboxes,tomatoes;-eninoxene.g.’sinboy’s,children’se.g.-erinwordslikesmaller;-estinwordslikesmallest.a.-(e)sinwordslikeeats,teachesshowsthethirdpersonsingularpresenttense.b.-inginwordslikeeating,showsthepresentparticipleorgerund.c.-(e)dinwordslikeworkedshowsthepasttenseorpastparticiple.DerivationalaffixesorderivationalmorphemesTheycanbefurtherdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.(1)Prefixesareaffixesbeforetheroot.e.g.，unjust,rewrite.Asarule,mostprefixesmodifythemeaningofroots,butnottheirpartsofspeech.(2)Suffixesareaffixesafterthero