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LessonFifteenIsAmericaFallingApart?1LessonFifteenIsAmericaFallingApart?15-1IambackinBracciano,acastellatedtownabout13milesnorthofRome,afterayearinNewJersey.IfindtheItalianGovernmentstillunstable,gasolinemoreexpensivethananywhereintheworld,butchersandbankclerksandtobacconistsreadytogoonstrikeatthedropofahat,neo-fascistsattheirdirtywork,thehammerandsicklepaintedontherumpsofpublicstatues,athousand-liranote(officiallyworthabout$1.63)shrunktotheslightnessofadollarbill.15-2Nevertheless,it'sdelightfultobeback.Peopleareunderpaidbuttheygothroughanactoflikingtheirwork,theopenmarketsarelusciouswithesculentcolor,thecommunityisimportantthanthestate,thehumanconditionishumorouslyaccepted.Thenorthernwindblowsviciouslytoday,andthere'snocentralheatingtoturnon,butitwillbepleasantwhenthewinddrops.Thetwotelevisionchannelsareinadequate,butnextWednesday'sreturnofanoldWesternissomethingtolookforwardto.Manifoldconsumptionisn'timportanthere.Thequalityoflifehasnothingtodowiththequantityofbrandnames.Whatmattersistalk,family,cheapwineintheopenair,thewrestingofminimalsweetnessoutofthelong-knownbitternessofliving.IwasspoiledinNewJersey.美国在分崩离析吗?在新泽西呆了一年后,我又回到了布拉格奇阿诺,这是位于罗马北部13英里外的一个城堡式的小镇。我发现意大利政府仍不稳定,汽油价高于世界的其他各地,肉店、银行职员和烟草商随时都有可能罢工,新法西斯主义者正在搞他们的卑劣阴谋,公共场所雕像的臀部上面画着镰刀和斧头,一千里拉的钞票(官方约合1.63美元)的价格下跌至1美钞。尽管这样,回到这里仍叫人高兴。这里的人们工资很低,但是他们却不尽力做出喜欢自己工作的样子,露天市场里的美味瓜果蔬菜,让人垂涎欲滴,社区比国家更重要,人们以幽默的方式接受了这种人生状况。今天强烈的北风正肆意地吹着,这里没有中央供暖设备可用,但风停了就好了。两个电视频道节目远远不能满足人们的需求,但下周三重新放映的一部老西部影片让大家有个盼头。这里并不重视多样化消费,生活的质量与名牌数量没有关系。人们看重的是聊天、家庭、在露天喝廉价酒以及从多年熟知的困苦生活中奋力获取一点快乐。但我却在新泽西被宠坏了。LessonFifteenIsAmericaFallingApart?215-3InNewJersey,Ineverhadtoshiverbyafirethatwouldn'tdraw,orgowithoutcannedfood.Americamademedevelopnewappetitesinordertomakeproperuseofthesupermarket.AcharacterinEvelynWaugh'sPutoutMoreFlagssaidthatthedifferencebetweenprewarandpostwarlifewasthat,prewar,ifonethingwentwrongthedaywasruined;postwar,ifonethingwentrightthedaywouldbemade.Americaisaprewarcountry,psychologicallyunpreparedforonethingtogowrong.Hencetheneurosis,despair,theKafkafeelingthatthewholemarvelousfabricofAmericanlifeiscomingapartattheseams.15-4Letusstayforawhileonthissubjectofconsumption.Americanindividualism,onthefaceofitanadmirablephilosophy,wishestomanifestitselfinindependenceofthecommunity.Youdon'tsharethingsincommon;youhaveyourownthings.Afamily'sstrengthissignalizedbyitspossessions.Hereinliesaparadox.Forthedesireforpossessionsmusteventuallymeandependenceonpossessions.Freedomisslavery.Oncelettheacquisitiveinstinctburgeon,andthereareruggedlyindividualforcesonlytooreadytomakeitcometofullandmonstrousblossom.Newappetitesareinvented;whattotheEuropeanarebizarreluxuriesbecome,totheAmerican,plainnecessities.在新泽西,我从来不用坐在烟道不通的火炉前冷得发抖,或吃不上罐头食品。为了合理地利用超市,美国使我养成了新口味。伊芙林沃写的《挂上更多的旗子》中的一个人物说,战前和战后生活的区别在于,战前如有一件事不顺利,你的整个一天都被毁了,战后若有一件事顺利,你这一天就好极了。美国是一个战前国家,心理上没有为一件不顺利的事做好准备。因此出现了神经质、绝望以及卡夫卡式的感觉,认为美国整个美妙的社会结构正在从根本上逐渐瓦解。现在让我们在消费这个话题上多说几句。美国的个人主义表面看来是一种值得赞赏的哲学,它希望在独立于社区的情况下表现自己。一个不与别人共用一个东西,你有你自己的东西。一个家庭的力量强弱是由财富来代表的,这里存在着自相矛盾,因为对财富的渴望定会导致对财富的依赖,自由就是奴役,一旦让人的占有本能发芽生长,就会有强大的个人主义观念迫不及待地要是他成长壮大并开出巨大的话来,新的欲望造出来了。对欧洲人来说是不寻常的奢侈品,在美国人看起来却是平淡无奇的必需品。LessonFifteenIsAmericaFallingApart?315-5Duringmyyear'sstayinNewJerseyIletmyappetiteflowerintofullAmericanismexceptforonethingIdidnotpossessanautomobile.Thisself-electeddeprivationwasawayintothenastiersideoftheconsumersociety.Whereprivateownershipprevails,publicamenitiesdecayorarepreventedfromcomingintobeing.TherundownrailservicesofAmericaaresomethingItry,vainly,toforget.Thenightmareoffilth,outsideandin,thatenfoldsthetripfromSpringfield,Mass.,toGrandCentralStationwouldnotbeacceptedinbackwardEurope.ButfarworseisthenightmareoftravelinandaroundLosAngeles,wherepublictransportdoesnotexistandpeopleareliterallychokingtodeathintheirexhaustfumes.Thisispartofthepriceofindividualownership.15-6Butifthecarownercanignorethelackofpublictransport,hecanhardlyignorethedecayofservicesingeneral.Hiscarneedsmechanics,andmechanicsgrowmoreexpensiveandlessefficient.Thegadgetsinthehomearecheapertoreplacethanrepair.Themoreefficientlyself-containedthehomeseemstobe,themoredependentitisonthegreatimpersonalcorporations,aswellasadiminishingarmyofservitors.Skillsatthelowestlevelhavetobewooedslavishlyandexorbitantlyrewarded.在新泽西的一年间,我已养成了十足的美国式消费欲,但也有一个例外,没有自己的汽车。这种消费权的自我剥夺是进入这个消费社会可憎的一面的途径。在私有财产盛行的地方,公共事业就逐渐衰败或受到阻挠而不能出现。糟糕透顶的美国铁路服务设备是我想忘也忘不掉的,从马萨诸塞州斯普林菲尔德到大中央火车站一线,里里外外噩梦般的脏乱即便在欧洲的落后地区也是很难以被公众接受。但更为糟糕的是在洛杉矶市内外的噩梦般的旅行,那里没有公共交通,人们简直快要被自己的汽车所排出的浓烟憋死了。这是个人所有制所需付出的部分代价。如果说汽车拥有者可以漠视这种公共交通缺乏的现象,那他几乎不可能漠视一般公共服务普遍衰退的现象。他的汽车需要技工修理,但技工要价显得越来越高,但工作效率却越来越低,家庭的小装置买起来要比修理还有便宜。家庭设备自动化的程度越高,它对冷漠的大公司和正在逐渐缩小的服务大军的依赖程度越高。即便是最低档次的技术工人,也得低声下气地去恳求并高价付钱。LessonFifteenIsAmericaFallingApart?4Plumberswillnotcome.Nor,atthehigherlevel,willdoctors.Anddoctorsanddentistsknowtheirscarcityvalueandbehaveaccordingly.15-7Americansareatlastrealizingthattheacquisitionofgoodsisnotthewholeoflife.Consumption,ononelevel,isturninginsipid,especiallyasthequalityofthegoodsseemstobedeteriorating.Plannedobsolescenceisnotconducivetoprideinworkmanship.Onanotherlevel
本文标题:15-Is-American-Falling-Apart
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