英语词汇学 Session 2 - Morphological Structure of Engli

Chapter03MorphologicalStructureObjectives:–Discussmorphemes,theirclassificationandidentification;–Explaintherelationshipbetweenmorphemesandword-formationTeachingfocus:–Definitionofmorphemes–Definitionofallomorphs–TypesofTypesofmorphemesfreemorphemeboundmorpheme–Definitionsofroot,stemandbaseMorphemes•Thedefinitionofamorpheme–Themorpheme(词素)isthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms.Awordisthesmallestunitofalanguagethatstandsalonetocommunicatemeaning.Structurally,however,awordisnotthesmallestunitbecausemanywordscanbeseparatedintosmallermeaningfulunits.Wordsarecomposedofmorphemes.WhatisusuallyconsideredasinglewordinEnglishmaybecomposedofoneormoremorphemes:Morphemes•Thedefinitionofamorpheme–Example•Onemorpheme:nation•Twomorphemes:nation-al•Threemorphemes:nation-al-ize•Fourmorphemes:de-nation-al-izeWhystudymorphemes?•Amorphologicalcomponentactuallytellsussomethingaboutaword’smeaningorroleinasentence.Whenawordwehaven’tlearntyetcontainsmorphologicalcomponentsfoundinotherwords,wecanmakeareasonablepredictionofwhatthenewwordmeans.•OftenaknowledgeofLatinandGreekcanbeabighelpinidentifyingmorphemes,becausethepeoplewhohavecreatedmuchofourlearnedvocabularywereconsciouslyworkingwithLatinandGreekvocabularycomponents.Whystudymorphemes?•Tryyourhand!•Genocide•Genussuicide•Fugacious•FugitivevivaciousIdentifytheMorphemes•Tryyourhand!•Lookatthefollowingthreewords.Couldyoumakeouthowmanymorphemestheyhave?Pleasejudgewhichanalysisiscorrect.Tick（√）TforTrueandFforFalse.•1.denaturalization:de,na,tur,-al,-i,-za,-tionT()F()•2.denaturalization:de,nature,-al,-ize,-ationT()F()•3.individualistic:in,divide,-al,-ist,-icT()F()•4.individualistic:in,di,vi,du,-al,-ist,-icT()F()•5.undesirables:un,de,sir,-able,-sT()F()•6.undesirables:un,desire,-able,-sT()F()Bewareofsomemisconceptions•Morphemes=Syllables?•Morphemes=Recurringlettersindifferentwords?MorphemesandSyllables•Syllableshavenothingtodowithmeaning,justunitsofpronunciation.Asyllableisthesmallestindependentlypronounceableunitintowhichawordcanbedivided.•Thereisnosimplerelationbetweensoundsandmorphologicalcomponents.Acomponentisoftenasyllable,butevenaone-syllablewordmayhavemorethanonecomponent(warmth),andsometimesamorphologicalcomponenthasmorethanonesyllable(elephant).MorphemesandSyllables•Amorphemeisdifferentfromasyllablela.dy;croc.o.dile.Oftenthesyllabicstructureofawordanditsmorphemicstructuredonotcorrespond,asshownintheaboveexampleswhereamorphemeisrepresentedbymorethanonesyllable.dis.a.gree.a.ble/dis+agree+able.Morphemes=Recurringletters1)Amorphemeisthesmallestunitassociatedwithameaning.Asanexample,considerthefollowingwords:carcarecarpetcardigancarrotcaresscargocaramelscarevicardiscardplacardAskwhetherthereisconstantmeaningineachwordthatcanbeattributedtoamorphemehavingtheformcar.Ifnotso,thentheymerelyaccidentallycontaincar,withoutsharedmorpheme.Exercise:IdentifytheMorphemes•Judgehowmanymorphemesthefollowingwordshave.unrespectablerecollectionillegibleinternationalistsimpossibilityunpredictableMorphemes•Characteristics•1.Allthemorphemeshavetheirownmeanings,andtheycannotbefurtherdivided,otherwisetheywillnotmakeanysense.•2.Morphemesmayhavesomevariants,forexample,-ation,mayalsobe–tion,-sion,-ion，buttheybelongtothesamemorphemebecausetheyhavethesamemeaningorgrammaticalfunction.Morph•Thephoneticororthographicstringsorsegmentswhichrealizemorphemesaretermed‘morphs’.语素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素。•e.g.thelinkverbmorpheme{be}arerealizedindifferentorthographic(intermsofspelling)and/orphonetic(intermsofpronunciation)formsinspeech.•Abstractconceptvs.actualrealizationAllomorphs•Anallomorph(词素变体)isanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.AllomorphsofPlurality•Task•Fromtheactivitywecandiscovertherulebywhichthemorphemeofpluralitychangesintodifferentvariants,i.e.allomorphs.•Themorphemeofplurality{-s}:pronouncedas/s/voicelessconsonants/f,k,p,t,θ/;•E.g.cuffs,bucks,tips,pots,baths•/z/afterthevoicedconsonants/b,d,g,l,m,n,ŋ,r,v,ð/;•E.g.cabs,beds,dogs,walls,moms,pens,songs,doctors,knives,clothes…•/iz/whenitcomesafters,z,ch,sh,andx•E.g.buses,sizes,watches,wishes,boxes…AllomorphsofPluralitybricksdietshomesmosquitoesprizessalariesbridgesdogslengthsnumberspuffstrunkscloudsgaragesmachinesnursesratestubescupsglassesmonthspeachesroseswagesAllomorphsofPlurality•Sortthewordsfromtheboxintothreegroupsaccordingtothepronunciationofthepluralending{s}•-sas/s/•bricks•cups•diets•lengths•months•puffs•rates•trunks•s/-esas/z/•s/-esas/IZ/AllomorphsofPlurality•Sortthewordsfromtheboxintothreegroupsaccordingtothepronunciationofthepluralending{s}•s/-esas/z/•cloudsdogshomesmachinesmosquitoesnumberssalariestubes•s/-esas/IZ/AllomorphsofPlurality•Sortthewordsfromtheboxintothreegroupsaccordingtothepronunciationofthepluralending{s}•s/-esas/IZ/•bridgesgaragesglassesnursespeachesprizesroseswagesAllomorphsofPlurality(irregularities)•Stillothervariantforms…•Whatarethepluralformsofthefollowingwords?•Sheep•Deer•Thesis•Theses•Alumnus/alumna•Alumni•Focus•foci•Child•Children•Ox•Oxen•Symposium•