最新完全版英语词汇学名词解释

精品文档精品文档第一章word1.Word---Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfuntion.第三章formation11.Morpheme---Amorphemeisthesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords.2.Allomorph---Somemorphemesarerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirpositioninaword.Suchalternativemorphsareknowasallomorphs.3.Freemorphemes(Freeroot)---Theyaremorphemeswhichareindependentofothermorphemes.4.BoundMorphemes---Theyaremorphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewords.5.Boundroot---Aboundrootisthatpartofthewordthatcarriesthefundamentalmeaningjustlikeafreeroot.Unlikeafreeroot,itisaboundformandhastocombinewithothermorphemestomakewords.6.Affixes---Affixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction.7.Inflectionalaffixes---Affixesattachestotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareknownasinflectionalmorphemes.8.Derivationalaffixes---Derivationalaffixesareaffixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenewwords.9.Prefixes---Prefixesareaffixesthatcomebeforetheword.10.Suffixes---suffixesareaffixesthatcomeaftertheword.11.Root---Arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalysedwithouttotallossofidentity.12.Stem---astemcanbedefinedasaformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.第四章formation21.Affixation---affixationisgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestostems.2.Prefixation---istheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.Suffixation---istheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.3.Compounding（Compositon）--istheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestems.4.Conversion--istheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.5.Blending--istheformationofnewwordsbycombinedbypartsoftwowordsorawordplusaplusapartofanotherword.6.Clipping-istheformationofnewwordsbyshorteningalongerwordbycuttinga精品文档精品文档partofftheoriginalandusingwhatremaininstead.7.Acronymy--istheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofnamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicalterms.8.Back-formation--isaprocessofword-formationbywhichawordiscreatedbythedeletionofasupposedaffix.E.g.editorenteredthelanguagebeforeedit.第五章meaning1.Reference---therelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworld.2.Concept---whichbeyondlanguage,istheresultofhumancognition,reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.3.Sense–denotestherelationshipinsidethelanguage.4.Motivation--accountsfortheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning.5.OnomatopoeicMotivation--Thesewordswerecreatedbyimitatingthenaturalsoundsornoises.6.MorphologicalMotivation--Compoundsandderivedwordsaremulti-morphemicwordsandthemeaningofmanyarethesumtotalofthemorphemescombined.7.SemanticMotivation--referstothementalassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningofaword.8.EtymologicalMotivation--Thehistoryofthewordexplainsthemeaningoftheword9.Grammaticalmeaning–refertothatpartofthemeaningofthewordwhichindicatesgrammaticalconceptorrelationships.10.Lexicalmeaning--isconstantinallthewordswithinorwithoutcontextrelatedtothenotionthatthewordconveys.11.Conceptualmeaning（denotativemeaning）–themeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreofword-meaning12.Associativemeaning–thesecondarymeaningsupplementedtotheconceptualmeaning.Itisopen-endedandindeterminate13.Connotativemeaning---theovertonesorassociationsuggestedbytheconceptualmeaning14.Stylisticmeaning–stylisticfeaturesmakethewordsappropriatefordifferentcontexts.15.Affectivemeaning–thespeaker’sattitudetowardsthepersonorthinginquestion.第六章SenseRelationsandsemanticField23.Abbreviationincludesfourtypes:I.ClippedwordsII.InitialismsIII.AcronymsI.II.Initialisms--arewordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofwordsandpronouncedasletters.E.g.IMF/aiemef/=InternationalMonetaryFund.III.精品文档精品文档IV.Blends--arewordsthatarecombinedbypartsofotherword12.OpaqueWords--Wordsthatareformedbyonecontentmorphemeonlyandcannotbeanalysedintopartsarecalledopaquewords,suchasaxe,glove.13.TransparentWords--Wordsthatconsistofmorethanonemorphemesandcanbesegmentedintopartsarecalledtransparentwords:workable(work+able),door-man(door+man).14.Morphs--Morphemesareabstractunits,whicharerealizedinspeechbydiscreteunitsknownasmorphs.Theyareactualspoken,minimalcarriersofmeaning.15.Allomorps--Somemorphemesarerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirpositioninaword.Suchalternativemorphsareknownasallomorphs.Forinstance,themorphemeofplurality{-s}hasanumberofallomorphsindifferentsoundcontext,e.g.incats/s/,inbags/z/,inmatch/iz/.16.DerivationorAffixation--Affixationisgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestostems.Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation.17.Polysemy—thewordwithmorethanonesensesorwhichcanbeusedtoexpressmoremeaning.18.Diachronicapproach–Diachronically，polysemyisassumedtobetheresultofgrowthanddevelopmentofthesemanticstructureofoneandsameword.Thisfirstmeaningistheprimarymeaning.Withtheadvanceoftimeandthedevelopmentoflanguage，ittookonmoreandmoremeanings.Theselattermeaningsarecalledderivedmeanings.19.Synchronicapproach–synchronically，polysemyisviewedasthecoexistentofvariousmeaningofthesamewordinacerta