美国文学名词解释-(1)

1TheEnlightenment启蒙运动:TheEnlightenmentwasanintellectualmovementoriginatinginFrance,whichattractedwidespreadsupportamongtherulingandintellectualclassesofEuropeandNorthAmericainthesecondhalfofthe18thcentury.ItcharacterizestheeffortsbycertainEuropeanwriterstousecriticalreasontofreemindsfromprejudice,unexaminedauthorityandoppressionbyChurchorState.Therefore,theEnlightenmentissometimescalledtheAgeofReason2AmericanDream美国梦:ItisthefaithheldbymanyintheUnitedStatesofAmericathatthroughhardwork,courage,anddeterminationonecanachieveabetterlifeforoneself,usuallythroughfinancialprosperity.ThesewerevaluesheldbymanyearlyEuropeansettlers,andhavebeenpassedontosubsequentgenerations.NowadaystheAmericanDreamhasledtoanemphasisonmaterialwealthasmeasureofsuccessorhappiness3.Transcendentalism超验主义:Itwasagroupofnewideasinliterature,religion,cultureandphilosophythatemergedinNewEnglandinthemiddle19thcentury.Itbeganasaprotestagainstthegeneralstateofcultureandsociety.Amongtranscendentalist’scorebeliefswasanidealspiritualstatethat“transcends”thephysicalandempiricalandisonlyrealizedthroughtheindividual’sintuition,ratherthanthroughthedoctrinesofestablishedreligions.ProminenttranscendentalistsincludedRalphWaldoEmerson,HenryDavidThoreau,WaltWhitman,etc.Itisakindofphilosophythatstressesbeliefintranscendentalthingsandtheimportanceofspiritualratherthanmaterialexistence.4.AmericanPuritanism美国清教主义:ItisthepracticesandbeliefsofthePuritans.ThePuritanswereoriginallymembersofadivisionofthePuritanChurch.ThefirstsettlerswhobecamethefoundingfathersoftheAmericannationwerequiteafewofthem.Theywereagroupofserious,religiouspeople,advocatinghighlyreligiousandmoralprinciples.Astheworditselfhints,Puritanswantedtopuritytheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices.Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgracefromGod.Asacultureheritage,PuritanismdidhaveaprofoundinfluenceontheearlyAmericanmind.5.Symbolism象征主义：Itisthewritingtechniqueofusingsymbols.It’saliterarymovementthataroseinFranceinthelasthalfofthe19thcenturyandthatgreatlyinfluencedmanyEnglishwriter,particularlypoets,ofthe20thcentury.Itenablespoetstocompressaverycomplexideaorsetofideasintooneimageorevenoneword.It’soneofthemostpowerfuldevicesthatpoetsemployincreation.7.Gothicnovel哥特式小说：isatypeofromanceverypopularlateinthe18thcenturyandatthebeginningofthe19thcentury.Gothicnovelemphasizesthingswhicharegrotesque，violent，mysterious，supernatural，desolateandhorrifying.Gothic，originallyinthesenseof“medic，notclassical”，withitsdescriptionsofthedark，irrationalsideofhumannature，GothicnovelhasexertedagreatinfluenceoverthewritersoftheRomanticperiod.8Imagism意象派:it’sapoeticmovementofEnglandandtheU.Sflourishedfrom1909to1917.Themovementinsistsonthecreationofimagesinpoetryby“thedirecttreatmentofthething”andtheeconomyofwording.TheleadersofthismovementwereEzraPoundandAmyLowell.9.StreamofConsciousness意识流:Itisastyleusedinthepresentationofthecharacter’sinnerworkingofmind.Theassumptionisthatanindividual’spsychologicalprocessesareacontinuousflowlikeashifting,uninterruptedstream,highlychangeableandconfusing,oftenappearingillogicalandcontrarytoreason.Intracingthestreamofconsciousnessofanindividualthewritermaypresentinteriormonologuebyhischaracter,hintwithsymbols,reversetheorderoftime,andalternaterecollectionswiththepresentorsometimeillusionswithgivenfacts.10.Pointofview视角：Itisatermreferringtothevantagepointorpositionfromwhichastoryistold.Toidentifythenarratorofastoryistoidentifythestory’spointofview.Basicallytherearetwonarrativeways:first-personpointofviewandthethird-personpointofview.12.TheHarlemRenaissance哈姆雷特文艺复兴:itwasthefirstimportantmovementinblackAmericanliterature.ImmediatelyaftertheFirstWorldWar,asaresultofamassiveblackmigrationtoNortherncities,agroupofyoung,talentedblackartistscongregatedinHarlem,apredominantlyblacksectionofNewYorkCity,andmadeitthecultural,andintellectualcapitalofblackAmerica.Theycarriedforwardtheculturaltraditionsoftheirpeopleanddemonstratedtheirachievementstothewhitesocietythathabituallyignoredthem.13.Expressionism表现主义:itarouseinGermantheaterafterWorldWarI.Delightinginbizarrestagedesignandexaggeratedmakeupandcostuming,expressionistssoughttoreflectintensestatesofemotion.Itsmodeis“theexternalizationoftheinner.”14.Blackhumor黑色幽默:Itisacombinationofhumorwithresentment,gloom,anger,anddespair.Seeingallthatisunreasonable,hypocritical,ugly,andevenfrenzied，writersofblackhumornurseagrievanceagainsttheirsocietywhich,accordingtothem,isfullofinstitutionalizedabsurdity.Yettheyarecynical.Theylaughamorbidlaughwhenfacingthehideous.Inhopelessindignationtheytakeupfreezingironyandburningsatireastheirweapons.Theirnovelsareoftenintheformofanti-novel,devoidofcompletenessofplotandcharacterizedbyfragmentationanddislocation15.AmericanRomanticism浪漫主义：TheRomanticPeriodstretchesfromtheendofthe18thcenturythroughtheoutbreakoftheCivilWar.Romanticismwasarebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism.Forromantics,thefeelings,intuitionsandemotionsweremoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense.Th