海明威及其《老人与海》的文学批评

BeingdistinguishedfrommanygreatestAmericanwriters,Hemingwayisnotedforhiswritingstyle.Amongallhisworks,TheOldManandtheSeaisatypicalonetohisuniquewritingstyleandtechnique.Thelanguageissimpleandnaturalonthesurface,butactuallydeliberateandartificial.Sometimesthesimplestyleismadealittledifferent.Thedialogueiscombinedwiththerealisticandtheartificial.Thesimplicityishighlysuggestive,andoftenreflectsthestrongundercurrentofemotion.Occasionally,theauthorusessomefiguresofspeech.Hemingway’sstyleisrelatedtohisexperienceasajournalist,hislearningfrommanyfamouswriters,andmostimportantly,hisconscientiouseffortinlookingforastyleofhisown.Theinfluenceofhisstyleisgreatallovertheworld.TheOldManandtheSeaisfulloffacts,mostofwhichcomesfromHemingway’sownexperience.Sothewaytousefactsisaveryimportantwritingtechniqueinthisnovel.Thefactsinthenovelareselectedandusedasadevicetomakethefictionalworldaccepted.Intheforepartofthenovel,theyareusedtoshowthequalityofSantiago’slife,andarenarratedsimplyandnaturally;whileinthelatterpartofthenovel,theyareusedfrominsideSantiago’sownconsciousnessandformpartofawholeschemeofthenovel.Keywords:Facts;Simplicity;Artificial;IcebergTheory中文摘要在众伟大的美国作家中，海明威以独特的写作风格而著称。在他所有的作品中，《老人与海》最能体现他独特的写作风格和手法。这部小说语言看似简洁自然，其实包含了作者的精心揣摩和润色加工。有时为了突出某一部分，作者会采用长句代替短句。文中的对话内容真实、贴近生活，而表达形式则经过了艺术加工。小说简洁自然的语言背后隐藏了深刻的意义和感情。文中还运用了比喻、拟人等修辞手法.还名位的这种独特风格与他当过新闻记者的经历有关,同时他兼菜各家之长,自成一体,形成了自己独特的创作方法和艺术风格。这种风格对整个世界文坛产生了重要的影响。《老人与海》这部小说中运用了大量的事实,他们大多来自于作者亲身经历。海明威对这些事实精心选择,从而吸引读者的兴趣并使读者有一种身临其境的感觉。小说一开始用大量事实描写了主人公生活的环境,叙述风格简洁自然,未加任何感情色彩。随着情节的发展,大量的事实主要被运用于主人公的心理活动之中,而不是主要由作者来叙述。同时,这些事实构成了整个小说体系中不可缺少的一部分。关键词：事实；简洁；加工；冰山理论Hemingway’sWritingStyleandTechniquesinTheOldManandtheSeaIntroductionTheOldManandtheSea(1952)comesroundatthefinishofHemingway’swritingcareer.Withitsvividcharacterization,itssimplelanguage,andtheprofoundimplicatingitcarries,itstandsoutasoneoftheexcellentbooksHemingway’sformerstatureastheword’spreeminentnovelistafterHemingway’sunsuccessfulnovelAcrosstheRiverandintothetrees(1950).TheOldManandtheSeaearneditsauthorthePulitzerPrizeinfictionfor1952,andwasinstrumentalinwinninghimtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturetwoyearslater.ItisashortnovelaboutSantiago,anoldCubanfishermanwhohasgonefor84dayswithoutcatch.Thereforetheboy,Mandolin,whousedtosailwithhim,isforcedtoleavehimandcatchinanothership.Theoldmaninsistsonfishingaloneandatlast,hehooksaneighteen-foot,giant marlin,thelargesthehaseverknown.Butthefishisverypowerfulanddisobedient.Ittowstheoldmanandhisboatouttoseafor48hours,withtheoldmanbearingthewholeweightofthefishthroughthelineonhisback.Theoldman,withlittlefoodandsleep,hastoenduremuchpainandfightsagainsthistreacheroushandcramp.Tohisgreatexcitement,onhisthirddayatsea,hesucceedsindrawingtheweakenedmarlintothesurfaceandharpoonsit.Onhiswayhome,helashesmarlinalongsidehisboatbecauseitistoobigtobepulledintotheboat.But,unfortunately,thecomeacrosssharksindifferentnumbersforfourtimes.Theoldmanfightstokillthesharkswithasmuchmightandmanyweaponsashecansummon,butonlytofindagiantskeletonofhismarlinleftafterhisdesperatedefense.Atlast,Santiago,havinglostwhathefoughtfor,reachestheshoreandstrugglestohisshack.Hefallsintosoundsleep,dreamingofAfrica,andthelionsagain.Hisstrugglewinshimmuchrespect.AmongmanygreatAmericanwriters,Hemingwayisfamousforhisobjectiveandterseprosestyle.AsthelastnovelHemingwaypublishedinhislife,TheOldManandtheSeatypicallyreflectshisuniquewritingstyle.ThispaperaimstodiscussthewritingstyleandtechniquesinTheOldManandtheSea.Ofcourse,Hemingwayhasusedmanytechniquesinthisnovel,suchasrealism,thecreationofsuspense,monologue,etc.Andthispaperfocusesespeciallyonthelanguagestyleandoneoftheimportanttechniques-thewaytousefactsinthisnovel.Hemingwayisfamousforhislanguage.Withmuchcareandeffort,hecreatedaveryinfluentialandimmediatelyrecognizablestyle.“Thestylehecreatedinhisearlywork,suchasInOurTimeandTheSunalsoRises,wasalmosttoogood.Likethestyleofcertainpainters,ittendedtobecomeamanner,ratherthanaflexiblewayofrespondingtoexperienceandconveyingfreshinsightsthroughwords.”1Amongallhisworks,TheOldManandtheSeaisthemosttypicalonetohisuniquelanguagestyle.Itslanguageissimpleandnatural,andhastheeffectofdirectness,clarityandfreshness.ThisisbecauseHemingwayalwaysmanagestochoosewords“`concrete,specific,morecommonlyfound,moreAnglo-Saxon,casualandconversational.”2Heseldomusesadjectivesandabstractnouns,andavoidscomplicatedsyntax.Hemingway’sstrengthliesinhisshortsentencesandveryspecificdetails.Hisshortsentencesarepowerfullyloadedwiththetension,whichheseesinlife.Wherehedoesnotuseasimpleandshortsentence,heconnectsthevariouspartsofthesentenceinastraightforwardandsequentialway,oftenlinkedby“and”.Inhistaskofcreatingrealpeople,Hemingwayusesdialogueasaneffectivedevice.Itispresentedinaform“asclosetothedramaticaspossible,withaminimumofexplanatorycomment.”3HereisanexamplechosenfromTheOldManandtheSea:‘Whatdoyouhavetoeat?’theboyasked.‘No,Iwilleatathome.Doyouwantmetomakethefire?’‘No,Iwillmakeitlateron.OrImayeatthericecold.’Herewecanseethatsuchinterpolationsas“hesaid”havefrequentlybeenomitte