语言学教程课后答案定义归纳

1胡壮麟《语言学教程》（第三版）---------课后习题单词定义归纳ChapterIInvitationtoLinguistics1.Definethefollowingterms:定义特征designfeature:thedistinctivefeaturesofhumanlanguagethatessentiallymakehumanlanguagedistinguishablefromlanguagesofanimals.功能function:therolelanguageplaysincommunication(e.g.toexpressideas,attitudes)orinparticularsocialsituations(e.g.religious,legal).共时的synchronic:saidofanapproachthatstudieslanguageatatheoretical‘point’intime.历时的diachronic:saidofthestudyofdevelopmentoflanguageandlanguagesovertime.规定式prescriptive:tomakeauthoritarianstatementaboutthecorrectnessofaparticularuseoflanguage.描写式descriptive:tomakeanobjectiveandsystematicaccountofthepatternsanduseofalanguageorvariety.任意式arbitrariness:theabsenceofanyphysicalcorrespondencebetweenlinguisticsignalsandtheentitiestowhichtheyrefer.二层式duality:thestructuralorganizationoflanguageintotwoabstractlevels:meaningfulunits(e.g.words)andmeaninglesssegments(e.g.sounds,letters).移位式displacement:theabilityoflanguagetorefertocontextsremovedfromthespeaker’simmediatesituation.寒暄phaticcommunion:saidoftalkusedtoestablishatmosphereormaintainsocialcontact.元语言metalanguage:alanguageusedfortalkingaboutlanguage.宏观语言学macrolinguistics:abroadconceptionoflinguisticenquiry,includingpsychological,cultural,etc.语言能力competence:unconsciousknowledgeofthesystemofgrammaticalrulesinalanguage.语言运用performance:thelanguageactuallyusedbypeopleinspeakingorwriting.语言langue:thelanguagesystemsharedbya“speechcommunity”.言语parole:theconcreteutterancesofaspeaker.Chapter2Speechsounds1.Definethefollowingterms:语音学phonetics:thestudyofhowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.Itcanbedividedintothreemainareasofstudy—articulatoryphonetics,acousticphoneticsandperceptual/auditoryphonetics.发音语音学articulatoryphonetics:2thestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds,orthestudyofhowspeechsoundsareproduced/made.音系学phonology:thestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages.Itaimstodiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur.发音器官speechorgans:thosepartsofthehumanbodyinvolvedintheproductionofspeech,alsoknownas‘vocalorgans’.带声器官voicing:thevibrationofthevocalfolds.Whenthevocalfoldsareclosetogether,theairstreamcausesthemtovibrateagainsteachotherandtheresultantsoundissaidtobe‘voiced’.Whenthevocalfoldsareapartandtheaircanpassthrougheasily,thesoundproducedissaidtobe‘voiceless’.国际音标InternationalPhoneticAlphabet:asetofstandardphoneticsymbolsintheformofachart(theIPAchart),designedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationsince1888.Ithasbeenrevisedfromtimetotimetoincludenewdiscoveriesandchangesinphonetictheoryandpractice.Thelatestversionhasbeenrevisedin1993andupdatedin1996.辅音consonant:amajorcategoryofsoundsegments,producedbyaclosureinthevocaltract,orbyanarrowingwhichissomarkedthataircannotescapewithoutproducingaudiblefriction.元音vowel:amajorcategoryofsoundsegments,producedwithoutobstructionofthevocaltractsothatairescapesinarelativelyunimpededwaythroughthemouthorthenose.发音方式mannerofarticulation:waysinwhicharticulationofconsonantscanbeaccomplished—(a)thearticulatorsmaycloseofftheoraltractforaninstantorarelativelylongperiod;(b)theymaynarrowthespaceconsiderably;or(c)theymaysimplymodifytheshapeofthetractbyapproachingeachother.发音部位placeofarticulation:thepointwhereanobstructiontotheflowofairismadeinproducingaconsonant.基本元音CardinalVowels:asetofvowelqualitiesarbitrarilydefined,fixedandunchanging,intendedtoprovideaframeofreferenceforthedescriptionoftheactualvowelsofexistinglanguages.半元音semi-vowel:segmentsthatareneitherconsonantsnorvowels,e.g.[j]and[w].滑元音vowelglide:vowelsthatinvolveachangeofquality,includingdiphthongs,whenasinglemovementofthetongueismade,andtriphthongs,whereadoublemovementisperceived.协同发音coarticulation:simultaneousoroverlappingarticulations,aswhenthenasalqualityofanasalsoundaffectstheprecedingorfollowingsoundsothatthelatterbecomesnasalized.Iftheaffectedsoundbecomesmorelikethefollowingsound,itisknownas‘anticipatorycoarticulation’;ifthesoundshowstheinfluenceoftheprecedingsound,itis‘perseverativecoarticution’.音位phoneme:aunitofexplicitsoundcontrast.Iftwosoundsinalanguagemakeacontrast,betweentwodifferentwords,theyaresaidtobedifferentphonemes.音位变体allophone:variantsofthesamephoneme.Iftwoormorephoneticallydifferentsoundsdonotmakeacontrastinmeaning,they3aresaidtobeallophonesofthesamephoneme.Tobeallophones,theymustbeincomplementarydistributionandbearphoneticsimilarity.同化现象assimilation:aprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound,atermoftenusedsynonymouslywith‘coarticulation’.Ifafollowingsoundisinfluencingaprecedingsound,itiscalled‘regressiveassimilation’;theconverseprocess,inwhichaprecedingsoundisinfluencingafollowingsound,isknownas‘progressiveassimilation’.剩余位置条件ElsewhereCondition:Themorespecificruleappliedfirst.Itisappliedwhentwoormorerulesareinvolvedinderivingthesurfaceformfromtheunderlyingform.区别特征distinctivefeatures:ameansofworkingoutasetofphonologicalcontrastsoroppositionstocaptureparticularaspectsoflanguagesounds,firstsuggestedbyRomanJacobsoninthe1940sa