英国政治体制

TheUKpoliticalsystemexplained周敏曹小韻Monarchy君主体制Parliament议会国会Government政府Cabinet内阁GeneralElection大选CatalogueConstitutionalMornachy君主立宪制度TheKingorQueenisthepersificationoftheStateABriefIntroductionAnold-fashionedgovernmentOnthebasisofconstitutionalmonarchyInpractice:theSovereignreigns(君主称王),butdoesnotrule.SovereignMaryⅠ（玛丽一世）1553~1558ElizabethI（伊丽莎白一世）1558~1603AnneofGreatBritain安妮女王1702~1714AlexandrinaVictoria维多利亚女王1837~1901ElizabethII伊丽莎白二世Since1952PrinceCharles——theheir继承人tothethroneThepoweroftheQueenGiveseffectstoalllawsastheheadoftheexecutivebranch（行政部门）ofthegovernmentMaypardon（赦免）criminaloffencesandcancelpunishmentsThecommander-in-chief（总司令）ofthearmedforcesandthetemporalheadoftheChurchofEnglandConfers（授予）alltitlesofrank（军衔）,andappointsjudges,armyofficers,governors,bishops（主教）anddiplomats（外交官）Concludestreaties,declareswar,andmakespeacewithothernationsTheRoyalFamilyVisitsmanypartsofBritainPaysstatevisitstoforeigncountriesToursotherCommon-wealthcountriesTheRoyalDuties123Theconstitution（宪法）Britaindoesn'thaveaconstitutionwrittendowninasingledocument.Theconstitutionflowsfrom6sources:1、TheRoyalPrerogatives皇家特权2、StatuteLaws成文法3、CommonLaws普通法,判例法4、Conventions习惯法5、AuthoritativeOpinions权威意见6、EuropeanUnionLaws欧盟法Parliament议会国会PalaceofWestminster——HousesofParliament(英国议会大厦)ParliamentCrown(OfficialHead)HouseofLords(theUpperHouse)HouseofCommons(theLowerHouse)ParliamentParliamentconsistsof3constituent:theymustallagreetopassanygivenlegislation（法律）HouseofLordsRedChamber(红厅)HouseofCommonsGreenChamber(绿厅)Legislature（立法机关）=ParliamentParliamentisthehighestlegislativeauthorityintheUK–theinstitutionresponsibleformakingandrepealing(废止)alltheUKlaws.It’salsoknownastheLegislature.Function:MakealltheUKlaws;Scrutinize(审查)governmentpolicy,administration&expenditure;Hearappeals(上诉)inthehighestCourtofAppeal(最高上诉法院)inBritain;Debatethemajorissuesoftheday.ThebirthofParliamentTheHouseofLordsThosewhoweresummoned(召集)“byname”.Atfirstit’sonlyagatheringofbarons（男爵)andbythe13thcentury,kingsfoundtheycouldn’tmakeendsmeetbyaskingmoneyfromthisquitesmallgroup.Andlatertheywidenedittoincluderepresentativesofcounties,citiesandtowns.TheHouseofCommonsRepresentativesofcommunitiesTheCommonsquicklygainedinpoliticalstrengthandinreturntheywantedanincreasingsay(发言权)inwhatthekingwasdoing.TheHouseofLordsStructure:About1,100hereditaryandlifepeersorpeeressesPower：ReviewlegislationProposeamendmentsVetobillsaccordingtoconventionsandoperationsoftheParliamentActsTheHouseofCommonsTheMonarchOfficialHeadofParliamentThelifeofparliamentisdividedintoperiodscalled“sessions”(会期)(Asessionlastsfor1year).Thebeginningofanewsession,calledthe“StateOpeningofParliament”(议会开幕典礼),takesplaceintheHouseofLords.It’satraditionforthemonarchtoopenParliamentinperson.Ontheday,theQueentravelsfromBuckinghamPalacetoParliamentintheStateCoach(典礼马车).OncetheQueenarrivesatParliament,theUnionFlagisloweredandreplacedbytheRoyalStandard.ThequeenthentakesherplaceonthethroneintheHouseofLords,fromwhereshesendshermessengerBlackRod(黑杖礼仪官)tosummontheMPs(themembersofParliament).WhentheBlackRodarrivesattheLowerHouse,thedoorisslammedinhisface,symbolizingtheindependenceanddominanceoftheHouseofCommons.Hemustthenknock3timestogainentryanddeliverhissummons.ThentheleadingMPsfollowtheBlackRodtotheUpperHouse,standingcrowdedattheendofthechamberoppositetothethrone.TheQueenwillthenreadouttheQueen’sSpeech,adocumentabout1,000wordsinlengthpreparedbythegovernment.Whatisthespeechabout?Inthedocumentthegovernmentoutlinesitsplannedprogrammesandthepoliciesitintendstofollow.Whentheone-weekdebatesontheQueen’sspeecharefinished,Parliamentisreadytobegintheactualworkofthenewsession.TheQueen’sSpeechFunctions231DebatingMakinglawsSupervisingThemainfunctionsofParliamentTheHouseofLordsItexercisesthesupremejudicialpower.(最高司法机关)Ithasover1000non-electedmembers:1.LordsSpiritual(神职议员):2archbishops(大主教)and24diocesanbishops(辖区主教).Theireligibility(资格)tositendsonretirement.2.LawLords(司法议员):12ChiefJudges3.HereditaryPeers(世袭贵族):Duke公爵,Marquis侯爵,Earl伯爵,Viscount子爵,Baron男爵(royaldescendants)4.LifePeers(当世贵族/一代贵族):ThelifepeerisatitlegivenbytheCrownduringhis/herlifetime,inhonorofhisorherprofessionalachievements.ThetitleisNOThereditary世袭.TheoreticallythetwoHousesareequallyimportant.ButtheUpperHousedoesNOTexercisethedominantconstitutionalinfluence(上院不具有主导法律影响力、不掌控立法权).IthasNOpowertopreventthepassingoflegislationorbillsapprovedbytheHouseofCommons.Thelordscanonlydelayabillforupto1year.TheworkofLordsislargelycomplementarytothatoftheCommons:holddebates,putquestionstoministers,examineandrevisebills.TheHouseofCommonsThemostpowerfulandimportantelementinUK.（therealcenterofBritishpoliticallife）Threemainfunctions:1)Makelaws;2)Controlandcriticizetheexecutivegovernment;3)Controltheraisingandspendingofmoney.ThePrimeMinisterLeaderofhispartyintheHouseofCommonsHeadofthegovernmentChiefspokesmanforthegovernmentHehastherighttoselecthiscabinet,handoutdepartmentalpositions,decidetheagenda议事日程forcabinetmeetingswhichhealsochairs.Hedirectsandcontrolspolicyforthegovernment.HekeepstheQ