Jonathan Swift(st)

JonathanSwift(1667-1745)乔纳森·斯威夫特MajorworksbySwift1.Letters2.Essays3.Poems4.NovelsTheJournaltoStella《写给斯黛拉的信》EstherJohnson,thefatherlessdaughterofoneofthehouseholdservants.Swiftactedashertutorandmentor,givingherthenicknameStella,andthetwomaintainedaclosebutambiguousrelationshipfortherestofEsther'slife.Swiftis16yearsseniorthanEsther.SomeAnecdotesaboutSwift•艾丝特约翰逊进入了他的生活时只有8岁。斯威夫特担任她的教师。虽然与斯威夫特年龄相差很大，他们之间却建立了终身不渝的牢固友情。在斯威夫特回到爱尔兰定居之时，艾丝特随同他一起迁往。她与斯威夫特过往密切，但据说没有一次两人单独见过面，女监护人总是不离左右。对他们的奇特关系人们普遍认为那是一种柏拉图式的精神恋爱。II.EssaysTheBattleoftheBooks(1690)《书籍之战》ATaleofaTub（1704）《一只木桶的故事》Drapier'sLetters(1724)《布商的信》AModestProposal(1729)《一个温和的建议》ThelasttwopamphletesearnhimthestatusofanIrishpatriot.《书籍之战》TheBattleoftheBooks,asatirerespondingtocriticsofTemple'sEssayuponAncientandModernLearning(1690).Anepicbattlefoughtinalibrarywhenvariousbookscomealiveandattempttosettletheargumentsbetweenmodernsandancients.EssaysAncientandModernLearning(1690)First,Templeproposedthatmodernmanwasjustadwarfstandingupontheshouldersofgiants(thatmodernmansawfartherbecausehebeginswiththeobservationsandlearningoftheancients).Healsosawmodernmanasareflectedlight,whiletheancientsweresourcesoflightATaleofaTub1704《一只木桶的故事》TheworkmadeSwiftnotorious,andwaswidelymisunderstood,especiallybyQueenAnneherselfwhomistookitspurposeforprofanity.渎神Adyingoldmanhadthreesons.TheeldestsonPeterstandsfortheRomanCatholicChurch.TheyoungestsonJackrepresentsthevariousDissentingProtestantchurches.ThesecondsonMartinrepresentstheChurchofEngland.Thebrothershaveinheritedthreewonderfullysatisfactorycoats(representingreligiouspractice,faith)bytheirfather(representingGod),andtheyhavehiswill(representingtheBible)toguidethem.Thewillsaysthatthebrothersareforbiddenfrommakinganychangestotheircoats.Buttheybeginalteringtheircoats(faith)byaddingornaments.Peteraddsmoreornamentstothecoats.Jackripsthecoattoshreds撕成碎片inordertorestoretheoriginalstateofthegarmentwhichrepresentstheprimitiveChristianitysoughtbydissenters.Eventually,PeterandJackbegintoresembleoneanother,andonlyMartinisleftwithacoatthatisatallliketheoriginal.一只木桶的故事这本书的核心是一个寓言故事。一位老人即将死去，临死之前，他给三个儿子每人留下一件外衣，还附有不准他们改动外衣的遗嘱。开始，三个儿子没敢违背父命。然而，逐渐地，大儿子彼得（代表罗马天主教廷）就在外衣上加缀了许多花里胡哨的装饰，并镶上金边，把外套搞得不伦不类；小儿子杰克（代表加尔文、清教和持不同观点的教派）把外衣的袖子和下摆任意剪短，弄得面目全非；只有二儿子马丁（代表马丁路德和英国国教会）没有对原来的衣服做多少改动。他讽刺这些教派都自认为是基督教的正宗，遵照《圣经》的指示行事，事实上却阳奉阴违。Drapier'sLetters(1724)布商的信thecollectivenameforaseriesofsevenpamphletswrittenbetween1724and1725.TheseareagainstthemonopolygrantedbytheEnglishgovernmenttoWilliamWoodtoprovidetheIrishwithcoppercoinage.ItwaswidelybelievedthatWoodwouldneedtofloodIrelandwithdebasedcoinage低质量的货币inordertomakeaprofit.IntheselettersSwiftposed假扮asashop-keeper—adrapier—inordertocriticizetheplan.以系列信的形式发表的抵制英国滥造爱尔兰钱币的文章。英国国王把制造爱尔兰半便士货币的专利卖给了商人威廉伍德。斯威夫特德文章号召人民拒绝使用伍德制造的钱币，以防止爱尔兰货币贬值。AModestProposal一个温和的建议Asatireinwhichthenarrator,withintentionallygrotesquelogic,recommendsthatIreland'spoorescapetheirpovertybysellingtheirchildrenasfoodtotherich.BydoingthishemockstheauthorityoftheBritishofficials.III.Poems•VersesontheDeathofDr.Swift:ajokinglywrittenpoemonthevariousreactionsofhisfriendsandenemiesonhisdeath•1713CadenusandVanessa:abouthisfriendshipwithEstherVanhomrigh,anotherwomanwhofellinlovewithhim•DescriptionofaCityShower《城市阵雨写景》：斯威夫特最脍炙人口的诗歌中的上品Gulliver'sTravels--anovel•翻译家王佐良先生则相当客观。•他说：“这部书打动了各类读者，儿童们喜欢头两部故事，历史学家看出了当时英国朝政的侧影。思想家据以研究作者对文化和科学的态度，左派文论家摘取其中反战反殖民主义的词句，甚至先锋派理论家把它看作黑色幽默的前驱。而广大的普通读者则欣赏其情节的奇幻有趣，其讽刺的广泛深刻。这部书是游记、神话、寓言、理想国的蓝图，又是试验性的小说。”Swift'sLiteraryPositionSwiftwasafamousIrishpoet,pamphleteer,andsatirist.Swiftisknownasamasterofsatire.FourVoyagesinGulliver'sTravelsPartI:AVoyagetoLilliput小人国PartII:AVoyagetoBrobdingnag大人国PartIII:AVoyagetoLaputa,Balnibarbi,Luggnagg,Glubbdubdrib,andJapan飞岛国及其它Luggnagg:heencountersthestruldbrugs斯特勒尔布勒格（永不死亡的人）,unfortunateswhoareimmortal,butnotforeveryoung,butratherforeveroldGlubbdubdrib：wherehevisitsamagician'sdwellinganddiscusseshistorywiththeghostsofhistoricalfiguresPartIV:AVoyagetotheCountryoftheHouyhnhnms慧马国Theeggcontroversy(watchachunk)•Theprimitivewayofbreakingeggs,wasuponthelargerend;buthispresentking'sgrandfather,whilehewasaboy,goingtoeatanegg,andbreakingitaccordingtotheancientpractice,happenedtocutoneofhisfingers.Whereupontheemperor'sfatherpublishedanedict,commandingallhissubjects,tobreakthesmallerendoftheireggs.•Thepeoplesohighlyresentedthislaw,therehavebeensixrebellions;andoneemperorlosthislife,andanotherhiscrown.andwhentheywerequelled,theexilesalwaysfledforrefugetothatempire(Blefescu).Eleventhousandpersonshaveatseveraltimessuffereddeath,ratherthansubmittobreaktheireggsatthesmallerend.satireThedisagreementbetweentheBigEndersandtheLittleEndersoverwhichendoftheeggistheproperendtobreakrepresentsactualproblems(trifle琐事)betweentheProtestantsandCatholicsatthetime.•BothprotestantandCatholicreligionsworshipthesameperson,JesusChristbuttheydothisinmanydifferentways.•Thecatholicwaytoworship•1)ThepopeisheadofthecatholicchurchandischosenbyGod.•2)ThebibleandprayerbooksarewritteninLatin.•3)Achurchshouldbeabrightand