种常见英语构词法

英语构词法•1.affixation词缀法•2.Compounding合成法•3.conversion词性转换法•4.Acronym首字母缩略词•5.clipping剪切法缩短法•6.blending混合法•7.Onomatopoeia拟声法•8.borrowingwordsfromotherlanguages（外来语）•9.addingnewmeaningintoexistingwords（已有词汇增加新词意）1affixation词缀法•是通过在词根上加前缀或者后缀构成一个新词。•前缀一般只引起意思上的变化而不造成词类的变化，只有少数能引起词类的变化。mis-+understandv.理解--misunderstandv.误解en-+largeadj.大的---enlargev.扩大(Page247:AppendixIII)•后缀一般只引起词性上的变化而不造成意思的变化。•humorn.幽默---humorousadj.幽默的•realadj.真实的---realizev.实现•trendn.潮流，时尚---trendyadj.时尚的•特殊情况：•helpn.帮助---helplessadj.无助的•dutyn.关税---dutyfreeadj.免税的1affixation词缀法2Compounding合成法•由两个或两个以上的单词组成新的单词•n.+n.•six-year-oldgreenhouse•baby-sittersnowfall•Themeparkmailorder•mother-tonguedoorbell•sister-in-lawdeathpenalty•sunglassesmineralwater•sunflowercreditcard•bestmanhousework•bridesmaidshoeshop•n.+adj=n./adj•color-blindduty-free•world-famoustoothache•n.+v-ing=n./adj•proof-readingwatch-making•hand-writtingrecord-breaking•earthshakingpeace-loving•n+v-ed=adj•hand-madeheart-broken•adj.+n.=n.shorthandwhite-face（？）first-classhigh-speedlong-distancequick-chargeadj.+v-ing/v-ed=adj.new-borngood-lookingdeep-breathingfar-reachingcold-bloodedleft-handedadv.+v-ing/v-ed=adj.hard-wokingfast-developingwell-knownnewly-built•v-ing.+n.=n•sittingroomdiningcarrunningwater•workingpeopleflyingfish•v.+n.=n.•pickpocket(？)breakwater（放浪堤）workplace•v.+adv.=n.•get-togethertake-away(熟食)•die-hard(死硬派)breakthroughworkout3conversion词性转化法•是指有一种词性转化为另一种词性。单词转化后的意义往往与之前的意义联系密切.•watern.水------waterv.浇水•handn.手---handin上交v.•telephonen.电话---telephonev.打电话•lookv.看---takealookn.•emptyadj.空的---Toemptythebasketv.•stopv.停止---n.车站•interest.waste.present.close.back.spare•age.amount.damage.dawn.desert.cost.bare.•last.lift.line.labour.hit.object.open.mean.stamp•match.place.sound.spring.spot.treasure.sense4Acronym(首字母缩略词)CAD;VIP;WHO;BBC;OPEC;AIDS;CIA;CEO;NPC;FBIcomputer-aideddesign计算机辅助设计veryimportantperson重要的人；贵宾worldhealthorganization世界卫生组织BritishBroadcastingCorporation英国广播公司OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries石油输出国组织AcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome爱滋病；获得性免疫功能丧失综合症CentralIntelligenceAgency中央情报局ChiefExecutiveOfficer（公司等的）总经理，总裁NationalPeople’sCongress（中国）全国人民代表大会FederalBureauofInvestigation（美国）联邦调查局5Clipping剪切法•从某个词的完整形式中截取一个或更多音节•Lab-laboratory图书馆•auto-automobile汽车•Gas-gasoline汽油•Copter-helicopter直升飞机•Scope-telescope望远镜•Flu-influenza流感•fridge-refrigerator冰箱•ad-advertisement广告•phone-telephone电话6Blending混合法•Comsat=communication+satellite•通讯卫星•Smog=smoke+fog烟雾•motel•=motor+hotel•brunch•=breakfast+lunch7.Onomatopoeia拟声法•Onomatopoeia[,ɔnəmætə'pi:ə]拟声法•拟声词（echowords）：发音与其所指之间存在很多自然的相似关系。•cuckoo；mew；ding-dong；click;quack；hiss•杜鹃；猫；门铃；键盘、门锁；鸭子；蛇•Echo-words(拟声词)areuniversalfeaturesinanylanguage.8Borrowingwordsfromotherlanguages外来语来自汉语：jiaozi饺子Stinkytofu臭豆腐Pinyin拼音papertiger纸老虎kungfu功夫Confucius孔子来自日语：bengto便当judo柔道karaoke卡拉OKkimono和服sushi寿司tsunami海啸tatami榻榻米来自印第安语：canoe独木舟Eskimo爱斯基摩人hurricane飓风来自法语：salon沙龙[sə'lɑ:n]resume简历[rɪ'zu:m]naive天真的[naɪ'i:v]souvenir纪念品[ˌsu:və'nɪr]fiance未婚夫[ˌfi:ən'seɪ]9Addingnewmeaningintoexistingwords已有词汇赋予新词义•Break(霹雳舞)•mouse(鼠标)•dove(主和派人物)•hawk(主战派人物)•country(乡村音乐的)•beehive(女子蜂窝式发式),•bread(美俚,钱)•apple-pie(典型的美国价值观)•conferencecall(电话会议)