Unit 3 The Government of the United Kingdom

Unit3TheGovernmentoftheUnitedKingdomContentsI.IntroductionII.TheMonarchyIII.TheParliamentIV.TheBirthofthePrimeMinisterandCabinetV.TheBritishGovernmentTodayI.IntroductionOldestrepresentativedemocracyintheworld（ancientGreece,ancientRome)FrenchRevolution(July14,1789-1794,1799,1830)AmericanRevolution(1775-1783)攻占巴士底狱AmericanIndependenceWar1775-1783WashingtonII.TheMonarchyAnglo-SaxonHeptarchy(Northumbria,Mercia,EastAnglia,Kent,Essex,SussexandWessex）KingEgbert（life：769or771–839；reign：802-839）DivinerightofkingsProtectorate(1642-1659)FightbetweenthekingandotherpowerfulgroupsKingJohnandtheMagnaCartaDivinerightsofkingsOntheDivineRightofKings(1609)JamesI(1566－1625）1603ascendthethroneOliverCromwell(1599-1658)CivilWars(1642-1651)CharlesI(1600-1649)CharlesII(1630-1685)Restorationin1660JamesII(1633-1701)Reign:1685-1688WilliamandMaryKingJohnandMagnaCartaIII.TheParliamentParley:todiscussortalkGradualdevelopment1236thefirstofficaluseoftheword(HenryIII)TheGreatCouncil1407HenryIV15thcenturylawmakingpowersbythecommonsTheCivilWarKingHenryIIIBirthofParliamentParley—discussortalk12361265:SimondeMontfort’sparliamentTheforerunnerofmodernparliamentbecauseitincludesnotonlythemenwhomadeuptheGreatCouncil,butalsorepresentativesfromeachcountyandfromthecitiesandtowns,knownasburgesses议员，市民代表.SimondeMontfort(1208-1265)DeMontfortwaskilledinbattle,onlyafewmonthsafterhisParliament,byHenryIII'sson,Edward.WhenhebecameKingin1272,EdwardIdevelopedParliamentintoaninstitutionforhisownpurposes.HenryIII(l:1207-1272;r:1216-1272)Edward(l:1239-1307;r:1272-1307)EdwardII(l:1284-1327;r:1307-1327)EdwardIII(l:1312-1377;r:1327-1377)HenryIV(life:1366-1413:r1399-1413)AllmoneygrantsshouldbeconsideredandapprovedbytheCommonsbeforebeingconsideredbytheLords.OliverCromwellKingJamesIKingCharlesIKingCharlesIIKingJamesIIMaryandWilliamofOrangeTheBillofRights(AnActdeclareingtheRightsandLibertiesoftheSubjectandSetleingtheSuccessionoftheCrowne.)BillofRights1689AnActdeclareingtheRightsandLibertiesoftheSubjectandSetleingtheSuccessionoftheCrowne.TheBillofRightsortheBillofRights1688isanActoftheParliamentofEngland.TheBillofRightswaspassedbyParliamenton16December1689.ItwasarestatementinstatutoryformoftheDeclarationofRightpresentedbytheConventionParliamenttoWilliamandMaryinMarch1689(or1688byOldStyledating),invitingthemtobecomejointsovereignsofEngland.ItlaysdownlimitsonthepowersofsovereignandsetsouttherightsofParliamentandrulesforfreedomofspeechinParliament,therequirementtoregularelectionstoParliamentandtherighttopetitionthemonarchwithoutfearofretribution.ItreestablishedthelibertyofProtestantstohavearmsfortheirdefencewithintheruleoflaw,andcondemnedJamesIIofEnglandforcausingseveralgoodsubjectsbeingProtestantstobedisarmedatthesametimewhenpapistswerebotharmedandemployedcontrarytolaw.TheseideasaboutrightsreflectedthoseofthepoliticalthinkerJohnLockeandtheyquicklybecamepopularinEngland.Italsosetsout—or,intheviewofitsdrafters,restates—certainconstitutionalrequirementsoftheCrowntoseektheconsentofthepeople,asrepresentedinParliament.AlongwiththeActofSettlement(1700or1701),theBillofRightsisstillineffect.ItisoneofthemainconstitutionallawsgoverningthesuccessiontothethroneoftheUnitedKingdomand—followingBritishcolonialism,theresultantdoctrineofreception,andindependence—tothethronesofthoseotherCommonwealthrealms,bywillingdeferencetotheActasaBritishstatuteorasapatriatedpartoftheparticularrealm'sconstitution.SincetheimplementationoftheStatuteofWestminster1931ineachoftheCommonwealthrealms(onsuccessivedatesfrom1931onwards)theBillofRightscannotbealteredinanyrealmexceptbythatrealm'sownparliament,andthen,byconvention,andasittouchesonthesuccessiontothesharedthrone,onlywiththeconsentofalltheotherrealms.IV.TheBirthofthePrimeMinisterandCabinetTheCabinetQueenAnne1714KingGeorgeISirRobertWalpole1832popularelectionoftheHouseofCommonsPoliticalpartiesTheCabinetPrimeMinisterFirstLordoftheTreasuryMinisterfortheCivilServiceDeputyPrimeMinisterLordPresidentoftheCouncil(specialresponsibilityforpolitical&constitutionalreform)FirstSecretaryofStateSecretaryofStateforForeignandCommonwealthAffairsChancelloroftheExchequerLordChancellorSecretaryofStateforJusticeSecretaryofStatefortheHomeDepartmentMinisterforWomenandEqualitySecretaryofStateforDefenceSecretaryofStateforBusiness,InnovationandSkillsSecretaryofStateforWorkandPensionsSecretaryofStateforEnergyandClimateChangeSecretaryofStateforHealthSecretaryofStateforEducationSecretaryofStateforCommunitiesandLocalGovernmentSecretaryofStateforTransportSecretaryofStateforEnvironment,FoodandRuralAffairsSecretaryofStateforInternationalDevelopmentSecretaryofStateforNorthernIrelandSecretaryofStateforScotland(providingministerialsupporttotheDeputyPrimeMinisterintheCabinetOffice)SecretaryofStateforWalesSecretaryofStateforCulture,Olympics,MediaandSportChiefSecretarytotheTreasuryLeaderoftheHouseofLordsChancelloroftheDuchyofLancasterMinisterwithoutPortfolio(MinisterofState)AlsoattendingCabinetmeetingsMinisterfortheCabinetOfficePaymasterGeneralMinisterofStateintheCabi