英语语言学练习题

Chp1I.Blankfilling1.Languereferstothe_____linguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity;parolereferstothe_____oflangueinactualuse.2.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’s_____oftherulesofhislanguage,andperformance,theactual_____ofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.3.“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet”.ThisquotationfromShakespeareillustratesthatlanguagehasthedesignfeatureof_____.4.Thepropertyof_____oflanguageprovidesaspeakerwithanopportunitytotalkaboutawiderangeofthings,freefrombarrierscausedbyseparationintimeandplace.5.Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,oneof_____,andtheotherof_____.Thisdoublearticulationoflanguageenablesitsuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.II.T-Fchoice1.Linguisticscanbedefinedasthescientificstudyofaparticularlanguage.2.Languageisarbitrarybynaturebutitisnotcompletelyarbitrary.3.Wecanusetheword“word”totalkaboutaword,wecantalkabout“talk”,wecanthinkabout“thinking”,thisshowsthatlanguagehasametalingualfunction.III.Answerquestions.1.WhatfeaturesofhumanlanguagehavebeenspecifiedbyC.Hocketttoshowthatitisessentiallydifferentfromanyanimalcommunicationsystem?Chp21.Thedifferencebetweenaconsonantandavowelliesinwhetherthereisair_______intheproductionofthem.2.Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalled______,whichisafeatureofallvowelsandsomeconsonants.3.Twowaystotranscribespeechsoundsareavailable,broadtranscriptionandnarrowtranscription.Themajordifferencebetweenthemiswithorwithout_______.4.Thebasicunitofphonologyisaphoneme.Itisanabstractcollectionof______features.5.Whenphonemiccontrastismentionedwerealizethatthetwosoundsbelongto_____phoneme(s),whencomplementarydistributionisdiscussed,theallophonescomefrom______phoneme(s).II.1.Phonologyaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsofallhumanlanguagesformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.2.InEnglish,pillandbillformaminimalpair,andsodolifeandknife,pinandping.3.Thephoneme/t/and/d/canoccurinthesamepositionandtheydistinguishmeaning,thereforetheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.4.ThedistinctivefeaturesinEnglishcanapplytotheotherlanguages,too.Forinstance,voicingdistinguishesmeaninginbothEnglishandChinese.5.InastandardizedEnglishsyllableallofthethreepartsofonset,nucleusandcodaarecompulsory.III.Whycanaphonemedistinguishmeaning?Chp31.Amorphememustconveyalexicalmeaning.2.Allwordscanbesaidtocontainarootmorpheme.3.Theword“modernizations”ismadeupofthreemorphemes.4.Derivationalmorphemesneverchangetheclassofthewordstowhichtheyareattached.5.Themorphologicalrulescanbegeneralizedinspiteofsomeexceptions.6.Itishardtobelievethatthereisaninterfacebetweenphonologyandmorphology.II.1.Morphologycanbesubdividedintotwobranches:______morphologyand______morphology.2.Thephonologicalandorthographicalrealizationsofamorphemearetermed______.3.[-t]、[-d]、[-id]are_______ofthemorpheme{-ed}.4.“Careless”isthe_______oftheword“carelessness”;“Gentle”isthe______oftheword“gentlemanliness”.5.Amorphemecanconveytwokindsofmeanings:_______meaningand_______meaning.6.Comparedwithafreephrase,acompoundhasdifferentphonetic,_______,________,andsyntacticfeatures.III.1.Analyzeandtellhowmanymorphemeseachofthefollowingwordscontain.unselfishness/justifiable/descendent/overdeveloped/naturalistically/friendships/uninvitedly2.Howdoyouunderstandthatthereisaninterfacebetweenmorphologyandphonology?Chp41.Thepartofasentencewhichcomprisesaninfiniteverboraninfiniteverbphraseisgrammaticallycalledaclause.2.Thesyntacticrulesofalanguagearefiniteinnumber,yetthereisnolimittothenumberofsentenceswhichcanbeproduced.3.Languageisbothlinearlyandhierarchicallystructuredaccordingtothestructuralistlanguageview.4.Phrasestructurerulesprovideexplanationsonhowsyntacticcategoriesareformedandsentencesgenerated.5.UGisasystemoflinguisticknowledgeandahuman-specificgiftwhichexistsinthemindofanormalhumanbeing.II．1.Foranynaturallanguage,asetofs______rulesarecapableofyieldinganendlessnumberofsentences.2.Normallyasentenceconsistsofatleastasubjectandapredicatewhichcontainsaf_______verboraverbphrase.3.Thesequentialorderofwordsinasentencesuggeststhatthestructureofasentenceisl_______.4.Thesubordinatesentenceinacomplexiscalledane______clauseandtheclauseintowhichitisinsertediscalledam______clause.5.Inconductingatreediagramanalysis,theprinciplewehavetosticktoiscalledb______division.III.1.Drawatreediagramforeachofthefollowingtwosentencestorevealthedifference.a.Thecatranupthetree.b.Thecatateupthefish.2.Whydoesasentencehavebothalinearandahierarchicalstructure?Chp51.Intheclassicsemantictriangle,thesymbolisdirectlyrelatedtothereferent.2.Homographsarewordswhicharepronouncedalike.3.Thesuperordinatetermismoreinclusiveinmeaningthanitshyponyms.4.Inapairofcomplementaryantonyms,thereexistsomeintermediateformsbetweenthetwoextremes.5.Allthegrammaticallywell-formedsentencesarenotnecessarilysemanticallywell-formed.6.Oneadvantageofcomponentialanalysisisthatbyspecifyingthesemanticfeaturesofwords,itwillbepossibletoshowhowthesewordsarerelatedinmeaning.II．1.S_____restrictionsareconstraintsonw