Unit 1 An Introduction toTranslation Theory and Pr

WELCOMETOTHEWORLDOFTRANSLATIONUnit1AnIntroductiontoTranslationTheoryandPracticeBeginbyastory:TowerofBabelOutlineoftheCourseTeachingscheduleMethods:lectures,presentations,discussions,practice教学目标:能够了解翻译的历史翻译的标准范畴具体的翻译方法1.WhatistranslationDiscusswithyourpartners:Howdoyouperceivetranslation?Asalanguageactivity?Asanart?Asakindofcross-culturalcommunication?Asajob?Asasubject?Why?MyUnderstandingAlanguageactivity:oneofthefiveskillsinlearningEnglishAnart:theprocessesaswellastheproductCommunication:translationordieJob:forsomepeople,itisajobSubject:tolearntranslationtheoryandskills,itisnodoubtascience.Translationisalsoagoodwaytodevelopyourownlanguage,bothnativeandforeignlanguage.Howcantranslationhelpyoumakemoney?CurrentStateofTranslation笔译：xx元/千字中译英120～160英译中100～120中译韩/日/法/俄190~380韩/日/法/俄译中170～360口译：XX元/人/天（8小时）英韩/日/法/德/俄小语种一般陪同800~10001000~12001200~2000中小会议1000~18001200~16002000~3000大型会议1800~36002500~45003000~5000同声4000~5600560060002.ScopeofTranslation1)intermsoflanguages:2)intermsofthemode:3)intermsofmaterialstobetranslated:4)intermsofdisposal:(full-texttranslation,abridgedtranslation,adaptedtranslation)3.DifficultiesintranslationLexicalgapLinguistic/structuralambiguityCulturalconnotationFigurativelanguageAbbreviations,wordplay,idioms,longsentences,neologisms,etc.Examples--Hisparentcametotheschooltoseehim.--Theyareentertainingwomen.--Shewasacat.--Davidwasinaclearmajority.--Shewasamagpie.--Anewdignitycreptintohiswalk.StructuralambiguityExamples:--Thewaterisstillinthelake.--Thestormisoverthere.--Themanturnedoutanimpostor.--Helivesverynear.--Ifoundhimout.--Theyarerunningdogs.Falsefriends(fauxamis)Commonwordse.g.longlegs,blue-stocking,blue-bottle,whitecap,turnkey,Dutchwife,ladybird,etc.Idiomsandslangexpressionse.g.eatnofish,thesaltoftheearth,Judaskiss,figleaf,youaretellingme,theyaretalkingturkey,JekyllandHydeFiguresofspeech(e.g.euphemism)e.g.eatfortwo,answerthecallofnature,letabreeze,undertheweatherTechnicaltermse.g.dog’sear,bull’s-eyeSentencese.g.shehasgivenhearttohim;itwasanoldraggedmoon4.RequirementsofTranslation1)tomasterthelanguagesskilfully;2)tohavealotofexposuretobothFLandL1;3)Practisemakesperfect4)vitalimportanceofgeneralknowledge;(吕叔湘把翻译称为“杂学”)Youwillhaveto:readmore;practicemore;thinkmore;discussmore5.Backgroundknowledgeandtranslation1)historybackground:“pen”inthe19thcentury2)geographicalenvironment:carrycoalstoNewcastle3)Religion:talkofthedevil,andhe’ssuretoappear4)customs(Youlookdarkeraftertheholidays)5)socialpolitics(It’smerepropaganda)6)culture:dragon/dog6.BasictheoriesA.翻译的标准B.翻译的过程C.翻译的技巧D.表达方法直译与意译(具体操作方法)翻译的标准A.YanFu’s(严复)“threecharacterguide”,whichwasfirstproposedin1898,istheprincipleof“faithfulness,expressiveness,andelegance”(信、达、雅).“译事三难：信、达、雅”B.Somerevisionssuchasfaithfulness,expressivenessandcloseness(信、达、切);faithfulness,expressivenessandfitness(信、达、贴),C.FuLei’s(傅雷)spiritualconformity（神似)D.QianZhongshu(钱钟书)’ssublimed（升华了的）adaptation(化境)E.鲁迅：翻译：一当然力求其易解,一则保存原作的丰姿。反对牛头不对马嘴，提出“宁信而不顺”之原则。E.宋天锡:三大标准:共核标准、个性标准、理想标准共核标准信息传真:饱满而准确;风格再现,译什么像什么；可读性好：增彩不增意；翻译有“标准”,却又没有标准;仁者见仁,智者见智ProcessofTranslationA.Preparation:basicknowledgeaboutbothlanguagesaswellasthebackgroundknowledge;basicskillsintranslationarenecessary;B.Comprehension:understandingaccuratelythemeaningofthesourcelanguage;How?C.Expression:trytoexpressthemeaninginidiomaticChinese;D.Revision:(proofread)checkagainandagaintopolishthelanguage.a.)wordmeaningincontext:维特根斯坦（1953：31）：Themeaningofawordisitsuseinthelanguage.一个词的意义就是它在语言中的运用。Hymes(1972:xix)pointsout,“Thekeytounderstandinglanguageincontextistostartnotwithlanguage,butwithcontext.”Ineverhadmuchinseeingyou.Therewasnolovelostbetweenusatanytime.Wegrumblealittlenowandthen,tobesure.Butthere’snolovelostbetweenus.Thelightswentoutsuddenly.Wemusthaveabreaksomewhere.Well,let’shaveabreakandenjoyourcoffee.b)logicalrelationship:Whenhewasayoungfellowinthesixties,hebecameafamouschemicalscientist.c)deepstructureofthesourcelanguageLastnight,Iheardhimdrivinghispigstomarket.SkillsintranslationAppropriatechoiceofwordsandexpressions:Divisionandcombination;Omissionandamplification;ConversionRepetitionNegativevsAffirmative---Literaltranslationandfreetranslation“所谓直译，就是在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中既持原文的内容，又保持原文的形式——特别是指明保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。但直译不是死译或硬译。”（张培基等1980:13）Literaltranslationandfreetranslationa.HitlerwasarmedtotheteethwhenhelaunchedtheSecondWorldWar.武装到牙齿b.Peopleridiculepovertybutnotprostitute.笑贫不笑娼c.Thethievestriedtofishinthetroubledwaterafterthedisaster.混水摸鱼意译是指按照原文的句子结构翻译，所得译文不符合汉语习惯的情况下，重新组织句子结构，即舍形式而取内容，用贴切的译入语准确传达原作的意义。（赵桂华2002：31）意译:舍形式取内容Castpearlsbeforeswine.对牛弹琴Sarahwasbornwithasilverspooninhermouth.Don’tcrossthebridgetillyougettoit.不必担心太早.Johncanbereliedon.Heeatsnofishandplaysthegame.Exercises:Translatethefollowing,usingidiomaticChinese:1)extremelyurgent2)underestimateone’sowncapabilities3)committhesameerror4)fullofconceit5)missagoodchance6)fellowsufferers7)makeasuperficialchange十万火急妄自菲薄重蹈覆辙目空一切错失良机难兄难弟换汤不换药8