化学专业保研手册(七)专业英语和文献翻译

1化学专业保研手册2013级化学院王浩然整理专业英语和文献翻译几乎是每一个推免生都要面对的问题，因此本文对每一个准备深造的人而言都有用处。注意：文献阅读也好，翻译也罢，重要的是你对内容的理解和把握，口语要差都差，只要在回答问题时足够自信，张嘴前组织好语言，不要往外蹦就够了。简单问答简单问答题目比较轻松，几乎不会涉及专业问题，即使有也十分简单。现举例如下（假设你参加A大学B学院的夏令营/推免面试，而A大学位于C城）：1.Introduceyourself/yourschool/yourhometown.2.WhydoyouchooseAUniversity,whydon’tyoupursueyourmasterdegreeinyourformeruniversity?3.HaveyoueverbeentoC?WhatdoyoulikemostinAUniversity?4.WhatdoyouknowaboutAUniversity/InstituteB?5.Anytutoryoucontactedbefore?Didheorshereply?Whydidyouchoosehim/her?6.Howdoyoudefinechemistry/scientificresearch/teamwork?7.Whatisthemostimportantpropertyofcatalyst,why?(Selectivity)文献翻译文献翻译几乎是夏令营和推免面试必考的内容，现挑选数篇张春阳院长的论文摘要作为案例，参考答案见后：【翻译1】SensitiveDetectionofNucleicAcidsUsingSurface-EnhancedRamanSpectroscopyJuanHu,Chun-yangZhang*Duetoitsuniquecharacteristicsofhighsensitivity,nointerferencefromwater,highresolutionandstability,surface-enhancedRamanspectroscopy(SERS)hasbeenwidelyusedinbiologicalanalysisandbiomedicalresearch.Inordertoimprovethesensitivity,wedevelopanewapproachforsensitivedetectionofDNAbycombiningrollingcircleamplification(RCA)withSERS.DuetothebindingofabundanceofrepeatedsequencesofRCAproductswithgoldnanoparticleandRox-modifieddetectionprobes,theSERSsignalissignificantlyamplifiedandthedetectionsensitivityofaslowas10.0pMcanbeachieved.ThehighsensitivityandselectivityofRCA-basedSERSmakesitapotentialtoolforearlydiagnosisofgene-relateddiseases.2第七章：专业英语和文献翻译【翻译2】SensitiveDetectionofNucleicAcidsUsingCarbon-nanotube-basedElectrochemicalBiosensorKunYang,Chun-yangZhang*Carbonnanotubeshavepromisingapplicationsinimmobilizingbiomolecules(suchasDNA,proteins,andsmallbiomolecules)andfacilitatingtheelectron-transferbetweenthebiomoleculesandsubstrateelectrode.WedevelopasimpleapproachtofabricateanelectrochemicalDNA(E-DNA)biosensorbyintroducingthesingle-walledcarbonnanotubes(SWNTs).TheSWNTscombinewiththeelectrochemicallabel(methylblue,MB)-modifiedsingle-strandedDNA(ssDNA)probestogenerateananomaterial-biomoleculescomposite,whichfunctionsasasignalamplificationplatformtofacilitatetheelectron-transferbetweenthebiomoleculesandtheelectrodeandtoobtainadistinctelectrochemicalsignalchange.FurtherexperimentsdemonstratethattheSWNT-basedE-DNAbiosensorsaresuperiortothemulti-walledcarbonnanotube(MWNT)-basedonesforDNAdetection.【翻译3】SimultaneousAnalysisofHg2+andAg+UsingBifunctionalStandDisplacementAmplificationandNickingEnzymeSignalAmplificationGuichiZhu,YongYang,andChun-yangZhang*Hg2+andAg+aretwokindsoftoxicmetalpollutantthatcancausesignificantdamagetohumansandaquaticecosystems.WedevelopanewmethodforsimultaneousdetectionofHg2+andAg+basedonbifunctionalstanddisplacementamplification(SDA)andnickingenzymesignalamplification(NESA).Inthepresenceoftargetions,thebifunctionalSDAreactioncanbeinitiated,generatingtwodifferentoligonucleotideswhichcanhybridizewiththequencher-fluorophoreprobestoformtwodifferentDNAduplexes.ThesubsequentrecognitionofDNAduplexesandthecircularcleavageofquencher-fluorophoreprobesbythenickingenzymescaninduceasignificantfluorescenceenhancementwithdifferentemissionspectra.Thismethodexhibitshighsensitivitywithadetectionlimitof2pMand16pMforHg2+andAg+,respectively.Moreover,theproposedmethodcanbefurtherappliedtoanalyzerealwatersample,havingthepotentialapplicationsinenvironmentalprotectionandfoodsafety.【翻译4】UltrasensitiveDetectionofTranscriptionFactorsbyIsothermalExponentialAmplification-BasedColorimetricAssayYanZhang,Qin-fengXu,andChun-yangZhang*AuNP-basedcolorimetricassayhasbeenwidelyappliedforthedetectionofDNA,proteinandsmallmoleculesduetoitsexcellentselectivity,beingeasilymonitoredwiththenakedeye,andlowcost.Anisothermalexponentialamplificationreaction(EXPAR)-basedcolorimetricassayisdevelopedforsimpleandsensitivedetectionoftranscriptionfactor(NF-κBp50).TheconversionofNF-κBp50tothereporteroligonucleotidesresultsinared-to-purplecolorchangeofgoldnanoparticles,allowingthevisualdetectionofNF-κBp50withadetectionlimitof3.8pM.3化学专业保研手册2013级化学院王浩然整理文献阅读文献阅读虽不必考，但强大的阅读能力是做科研的基础。现在拿出几篇文献作为例子，文后有几个问题，如阅后都能答上，说明你已经看懂了。标星号的是思考题，学有余力可以稍加思考，增长见识。同时附上我的阅读时间，这是查单词、通读文章、弄清每一环节并整体把握所耗的总时间。希望各位能超过我。【文献1】Binding-InducedDNANanomachinesTriggeredbyProteinsandNucleicAcidsAngew.Chem.Int.Ed.2015,54,14326–14330我的阅读耗时：约1小时44分1.本文中的纳米机器属于何种纳米材料？2.目前纳米机器的研究有哪些局限？3.“结合-诱导”（binding-induced）体现在哪里？4.文中的“纳米机器”能检测什么样的物质，文章选取了哪些例子？5.AuNP是什么，为什么DNA隔段S1能结合在它的表面？6.C1*与Blocker分离，转而结合C1的过程叫什么？7.一次结合，释放大量荧光集团的现象叫什么，有何优势？8.检验该纳米机器对PDGF-BB专一性的时候用哪些蛋白质作对比？9*.本文来自哪个期刊？如果想下载此论文，应当去哪个网站？10*.推断一下文中的纳米机器有何缺陷，你会从哪些方面作出改进？【文献2】ModificationofWide-Band-GapOxideSemiconductorswithCobaltHydroxideNanoclustersforVisible-LightWaterOxidationAngew.Chem.Int.Ed.2016,55,8309–8313我的阅读用时：约2小时30分1.目前可见光催化分解水的研究有何局限？2.本文设计的Ce(OH)2-TiO2催化剂有何优点？3.金红石型和锐钛矿型两种TiO2那种常用作催化剂，为什么？4.本文中，制备新型催化剂的方法是？5.作者用何种方法确定催化剂中Ce的存在形式是Ce(OH)2？6.为什么催化剂中不可能存在高氧化态的Ce？7.Ce(OH)2的最佳修饰量是多少，超量后性能为何下降？8.催化剂发挥作用时，电子从谁流向谁，为什么？9.Ce(OH)2在催化剂中扮演什么角色？10.NHE是什么，O2/H2O所处的水平线与纵轴交点的值是多少？11.本文中衡量催化剂性能的指标是什么，该指标为何随着反应进行而逐渐降低，反应以当量还是催化量进行？12.为何不能定量研究Ce(OH)2与TiO2接触面积对催化剂性能的影响？13.研究催化剂性质时，催化剂做阴极还是阳极，另一极是什么材料？14*.