审计专业英语资料

1Chapter1AnoverviewofAccountingLearning0bjectives：Afterlearningthischapter，thestudentsshould：1．Understandthedefinitionofaccounting．2．Identifythequalitativecharacteristicsofaccountinginformation．3．Figure0utthebasicelementsoffinancialstatementsandequations5．Comprehendthebasicaccountingassumptions．6．Understandtheimportantaccountingprinciples．Words:Financialaccounting;Reliability;Relevance;Comparability;ConsistencyTimeliness;Understandability;Conservatism;Materiality;IndustrypracticesAssets;Liabilities;Equity;Revenues;Expenses;NetincomeBasicAssumptionsofAccounting(会计基本假设)(1)economicentity;(2)going-concern(3)periodicity;(4)monetaryunitBasicPrinciplesofAccounting(会计的一般原则)§Historicalcost;§Revenuerecognition;§Matchingprinciple§Fulldisclosureprinciple;§AccrualBasis;§Revenueexpenditure§Capitalexpenditure;AccountingEquation;Businesseconomicactivities;CertifiedPublicAccountantReadingmaterial:1.1IntroductionaboutAccountingAccountingisaninformationsystemofinterpreting，recording，measuring，classifying，summarizing，reportinganddescribingbusinesseconomicactivitieswithmonetaryunitasitsmaincriterion．Concerningthisdefinition，weshouldpayattentiont0threeimportantpoints．Firstly，theaccountinginvolvesmanyactivities：interpreting，recording，measuring，classifying，summarizing，reportinganddescribing．Secondly，the0bjectofaccountingisbusinesseconomicactivities．Thirdly,themonetaryunitisthemaincriterionusedinaccounting．Besides．Theobjectiveofaccountingistorecordandmeasurethebusinesseconomicactivitiesofanentityandpresentthefinancialreporttousersincludingmanagement，creditors，andotherpotentialinvestors，etc．Thefieldofaccountants’workisdividedintothreekinds：publicaccounting．accountingforprivatebusiness，andaccountingforgovernmentandnonprofit0rganjzation．TheaccountantsworkinpublicaccountingarecalledCPAs(CertifiedPublicAccountants)．InUSA，AICPA(AmericanInstituteofCertifiedPublicAccountant)willorganizetheexaminationfortheCPAs，andthedifferentstatessetadditionalqualifications．InChina，CICPA(ChineseInstituteofCertifiedPublicAccountant)willorganizetheexaminationfortheCPAs．PublicaccountingfirmsarecalledCPAfirms，andtheyhavedifferentformssuchasproprietorship，partnership，andcorporation．InChina，CPAfirmscannotbeaproprietorship．TheprimaryserviceofferedbyCPA2firmsincludeauditing，taxservice．andconsultativeservice．Auditingistheaccumulationandevaluationofevidenceaboutinformationtodetermineandreportonthedegreeofcorrespondencebetweentheinformationandtheestablishedcriteria．Auditingshouldbedonebyacompetent,independentperson．TaxserviceofferedbyCPAfirmsusuallyincludehelpingtheclientsto“lethetaxreportandgivingtheclientssomesuggestionstominimizethetaxamount．Theconsultativeservicesmainlyrefertomanagementadvisoryservicessuchaswhetherthebusinessearnsprofitproperly，howtobudgetthebusinessresources，andsoon．Theaccountantsinprivateenterprisesareinchargeofdesigningtheaccountingsystem，costaccounting，andinternalcontrolandauditing．Theaccountingforgovernmentandnonprofitorganizationissimilartothatforprivatecompanyexceptthattheobjectiveofearningaprofitisabsentfromaccountingforgovernmentandnonprofitorganization.1．2FundamentalConceptsInthispart，thequalitativecharacteristicsofaccountinginformationareexplained，andtheelementsoffinancialstatementsaredefined．1.2.1QualitativeCharacteristicsofAccountingInformationInChina．thequalitativecharacteristicsofaccountinginformationinclude：(1)reliability，(2)relevance，(3)comparabilityandconsistency，(4)timeliness，(5)understandability,(6)Conservatism,(7)Materiality,(8)IndustrypracticesReliabilityReliabilitymeansthattheaccountinginformationisreliabletotheextentthatitisverifiable,isafaithfulrepresentation,andisreasonablyfreeoferrorandbias.Reliabilityisthebaseofaccounting.Ifthrcontentsintheaccountinginformationarenottrue，orthefiguresintheaccountinginformationarenotcorrect．thefinancialstatementscannotreflectthefinancialposition，theresultsofoperation，andcashflowsfaithfully．RelevanceRelevancemeansthatthereisaconnectionbetweentheaccountinginformationandthedecisiontheusersmake,andtheaccountinginformationisabletomakeadifferenceinadecision.Ithaspredictivevalueandfeedbackvalue.Thepredictivevaluemeansthattherelevantinformationhelpsusersmakepredictionsabouttheultimateoutcomeofpast,present,andfutureevents.Thefeedbackvaluemeansthattherelevantinformationcanhelpuserstoconfirmorcorrectpriorexpectations.ComparabilityComparabilitymeansthatinformationshouldbem，measuredandreposedinasimilarmannerfordifferententerprises．Undercomparability，theuserscancomparetheresultsofthecompanieswithdifferentplacesanddifferentindustriesduringthesameordifferentperiods．ConsistencyConsistencymeansthatanentityappliesthesameaccountingtreatmenttosimilareventsfromperiodtoperiod．Butitdoesnotmeanthecompaniescannotswitch：fromonemethodofaccountingtoanother．Companiescanchangemethods，butthechangesarerestrictedtosituationsinwhichitcanbedemonstratedthatthenewlyadoptedmethodispreferabletotheold．Andthenatureandeffectoftheaccountingchange，aswellasthejustificationforit，mustbedisclosedinthefinancialstatementsfortheperiodinw