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2017专升本考试英语语法-------关键点一.虚拟语气虚拟语气(SubjunctiveMood)这一语法项目是各类英语(论坛)考试中心测试的重点之一。虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式,用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实,而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。判断是真实条件句还是非真实条件句。只有在非真实条件句中才使用虚拟语气。通过句子意思,看假设的条件是否能够实现,能够实现是真实条件句,不能使用虚拟语气;假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句,要用虚拟语气。判断这个假设是与哪个事实相反。通常有三种情况:①与过去事实相反。②与现在事实相反。③与将来事实可能相反。I:最基本的虚拟语气句型:1.虚拟现在时表示与现在事实相反的假设,其if从句的谓语形式用动词的过去式(be一般用were),主句用would/should/could/might+动词原形。Ifplaceswerealike,therewouldbelittleneedforgeographers.如果各个地方都一样,就不需要地理学家了。2.虚拟过去时是表示与过去事实相反的假设,if从句的谓语形式用过去完成时即had+过去分词,主句用would/should/could/might+have+过去分词。Ifhehadknownyouraddressyesterday,hewouldhavetelephonedyou.3.虚拟将来时是表示对将来实现的可能性很小的或不确定的假设。If从句的谓语形式用一般过去式或用wereto/should+动词原形,主句用would/should/could/might+动词原形。Ifheweretoleavetoday,hewouldgettherebyFriday4.省略if采用倒装语序的条件句。有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词if省去,而将had,should,were等词提到主语之前,即用倒装结构。Ifhehadworkedharder,hewouldhavegotthroughtheexams.==》Hadheworkedharder,hewouldhavegotthroughtheexams.Ifheweretoleavetoday,hewouldgettherebyFriday.==》Werehetoleavetoday,hewouldgettherebyFriday.IfIwereinyourplace,Iwouldn’tdothat.==》WereIinyourplace,Iwouldn’tdothat.5.有时虚拟条件句并没用if从句表示出来,而是用介词短语(otherwise,or,without,butfor)、上下文或其它方式来表示。如:Wedidn‘tknowhistelephonenumber;otherwisewewouldhavetelephonedhim.Withoutyouhelp,Iwouldn’thaveachievedsomuch.Butfor(“要不是。..。..”的意思)yourhelp,Iwouldnothavesucceeded.II:虚拟语气在从句中用should的情况:1.在表示建议,要求,命令,想法的动词后的从句里,用should+动词原形,should可以省略。如advise,agree,command,decide,demand,determine,grant,indicate,insist,order,prefer,propose,request,require,stipulate,suggest,urge,vote.常考到的是:suggest,advise,demand,require,propose,insist,order,request.Hisdoctorsuggestedthathe(should)takeshortleaveofabsence.TheauthorproposedthatTV(should)beturnedoffatleastonehoureveryday.2.在表示建议,要求,命令,想法的名词后的从句里,用should+动词原形,should可以省略。如advice,decision,agreement,command,decree,demand,determination,indication,insistence,order,preference,proposal,request,requirement,stipulationetc.ItwasBill’ssuggestionthateveryone(should)haveamap.Hissuggestionwasthateveryone(should)haveamap.Hegaveusasuggestionthateveryone(should)haveamap.3.在Itis/was+形容词后的that从句中用should的结构,should可以省略。这类形容词常见的有:advisable,anxious,compulsory,crucial,desirable,eager,essential,fitting,imperative(绝对必要),impossible,improper,important,natural,necessary,obligatory,possible,preferable,probable,recommended,urgent,vitaletc.It‘snaturalthatshe(should)doso.Itisessentialthatwe(should)tellherthenews.4.在lest和forfearthat(以免),incase(以防)从句中用should,should可以省略。Shewalkedquietlylestshe(should)wakeupherroommates.Haveyourgunreadyincaseweshouldneedit.III:wish后的that从句中:1.表示现在或将来的愿望,从句中过去式。IwishIknewhisaddress.IwishIwereyoung.2.表示过去没有实现或不可能实现的愿望,从句用过去完成式或would,could,might+have+过去分词。Iwishyouhadwrittentohim.IwishIcouldhavesleptlongerthismorning,butIhadtogetupandcometoclass.3.如果将wish改成wished,其后that从句中动词的形式不变。4.如果that从句中用would,一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求Iwishhewouldanswermyletter.Iwishpriceswouldcomedown.Iwishyouwouldhelpme.Iwishyouwouldstopaskingsillyquestions.IV:在It’sabout/high/first(second,thirdetc)time后的that从句中,用过去式。表示“该是做什么的时候了”Itisabouttimeyouwereinbed.Itishightimeweleft.ItisthefirsttimeIcamehere.V:在wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon后的that从句中,用过去式或过去完成式,表示“宁愿做什么”Iwouldratherhecametomorrowthantoday.Johnwouldratherthatshehadnotgonetothepartyyesterdayevening.VI:在ifonly(“如果。..。就好了”的意思)感叹句中,谓语动词与wish宾语从句的虚拟形式相同。Ifonlyhedidn’tdrivesofast!(现在)Ifonlyshehadaskedsomeone’sadvice.(过去)Ifonlytherainwouldstop.(将来)VII:在asif/asthough从句中,表示和现在事实相反或对现在情况有所怀疑,用过去式;表示过去想象中的动作或情况,用过去完成式。Hespeaksasifhewereonthespot.ShespoketomeasifIweredeaf.Thisdeviceoperatedasthoughithadbeenrepaired.注:1.在asif/asthough句中,如果有可能成为事实,用陈述语气。Helooksasifheisgoingtobeill.2.在insist后的从句中,如果是坚持自己,用陈述语气,坚持别人做什么事情,用虚拟语气。Sheinsiststhatsheisright.SheinsistedthatIshouldfinishtheworkatonce.非谓语动词(不定式、分词、动名词)(一)不定式 1、一般用法1)作主语:Tosaysomethingisonething,todoitisanother.说是一码事,干是另一码事。 ***形式主语itItisnotfairtoblamethemfortheaccident.2)作表语:Mysuggestionistocarryouttheplanimmediately.3)作宾语:Heofferedtogowithus.他提出和我们一起去。 ***形式宾语itWefounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyinadvance. Iconsideritmydutytopointouttheirshortcomings.4)作宾语或主语的补足语:Mr.Smithwantshissontobecomealawyer. Thesuspectedmanwasseentoenterthebuilding. 此类动词还有如ask,advise,allow,compel,encourage,hear,intend,lead,inspire,order,persuade等。 ***hope,demand,suggest不可接不定式作宾补,但可跟that引出的宾语从句。 HehopedthatIwouldgivehimmorehelp.Thedoctorsuggeststhatmyfather(should)stopsmoking. ***在see,hear,lookat,listento,feel,observe,watch,notice等感官动词,以及let,make,have等动词后面的不定式要省掉to.但注意在其被动语态中,作为主补的不定式要加上to. Wearemadetowriteacompositioneveryweekbytheteacher.5)构成复合谓语结构:①besaid(reported,known…)+不定式可换成:itissaid(reported,known…)that… ShanxiProvinceisknowntohaverichcoalreserves.=ItisknownthatShanxi……②seem(happen,appear,prove,tend)+不定式 Ihappenedtobeoutwhenshecalled.碰巧出去了③belikely(certain,sure,willing,anxious,ready,bound,eager,reluctant)+不定式 Theyarelikelytosucceed.Sheisalwaysreadytohelpothers.6)作定语(一般为后置修饰语) Heusedtohavealotofmeetingstoattend.Thereisnothingtoworryabout. ①英语中有一些名词常跟不定式作定语:ability,agreement,ambition,attempt,
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