英语词汇学(第一讲)

Lecture1DifferentwaysofgreetingpeopleAkissAbowAfirmhandshakeAlovinghugDoyouknowtheraiseddotsbelow?BrailleHaveyoueverbeenshockedbythemagnificentperformance?OthermeansofcommunicationEmoticonsEyecontactGesturesFacialexpressionsEmotion+icon=emoticonCommunicationwithpeople’seyesamovementofthehands,armsorhead,etc.toexpressanideaorfeelingFeelingsarereflectedonthefacesGuessthemeaningoftheeachfollowingemoticons:-)=:-(=sadness:-O=surprise:-D=greatjoy:-P=makingaface:~-(=crying8-)=Amanwhoiswearingglassesissmiling.GesturesbyhandThumbsup!Thumbsdown!Ok!Victory/winApplauseCallme!(InAmericanSignLanguage)Iloveyou.GuessthemoodfromthefacialexpressionsconfusedsadangryhappytiredExamplesofIQTestItemsIQIssuesIQscoresareinfluencedby:Socioeconomicstatus:middleclasskidstendtodobetterthanlowerclasskidsLanguagestatus:childrenfromthedominantculturetendtodobetterAge:IQscoresontimedteststendtodeclinewithageHeredity:IQscoresofidenticaltwinsraisedapartarequitesimilarStatisticalNormsforIQMentalRetardationMentalretardationusuallyreflectsbelowaverageintellectualfunctioning(IQislessthan70)PeoplecanberetardedinmostareasyetaverageorgiftedinothersUsethesesuppliestomountthecandleonawallSolutiontoCandleProblemCommunicationbetweenanimalsAnimallanguageLikehumanbeings,animalsneedtocommunicatewitheachothertosurvive.Theydonotspeaktoeachotherinthesamewayaswedo;insteadtheyusemanydifferentsoundsandactionstoexpressthemselves.Forexample,beesmakeabuzzingnoise,lionsandbearsgrowls,catsmiaow,anddogsbark.Ifyouseeacatstandingwithitsbackarched,headloweredorlegsbent,itcouldbescared.Ifadoggrowlsatyou,itprobablyisangryandyoushouldbecareful.Animallanguageissimplerthanhumanlanguage,butitshowshowintelligentanimalsare.BeesdancefortheirhoneyWhenbeesfindanewfoodsourcetheygobacktothehiveanddoadancethattellstheotherbeesthedirectionanddistanceofthefood.EverymovementhasmeaningToindicateafoodsourcethatistoodistantfromthehivetobesmelledorseen,thescoutbeedancesonthehoneycombinthehive.Ifthefoodsourceiswithinabout50meters(160feet)ofthehive,thebeedoesacirculardanceonthehoneycomb.Thedirectionandanglethedancingbeecutsacrossthediameterofthecirclerevealthedirectionofthefood.Ifshewigglesacrossthecirclestraightup,thewatchingbeesknowtheycanfindthefoodbyflyingtowardsthesun.Ifthedancingbeecutsacrossthecircleatanangle,theothersknowtheymustflytotherightorleftofthesunatthesameanglethedancermovedtotherightorleftofanimaginedverticalline.Dolphin很久以前，渔民和海员们就发现，海豚会发出“的答”声、“咪咪”声、“啸啸”声等多种声音。据说海豚能发出7000赫兹至12万赫兹的多种波长的高频超声波。Dolopinsusesoundtohelpthemfindtheirway,lookfortheirfoodandtalkwitheachother.Soundisjustliketheireyesandmouths.Howmanylanguages?5000-70005651（德语言学家1979）2796（法科学院）2500-3500（国际辅助语协会）6809（人类学家）I.Whatislanguage?DefinitionfromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopediaLanguageisatermmostcommonlyusedtorefertoso-called“naturallanguages”—thespokenformsofcommunicationubiquitousamonghumankind.Alanguageisasystemofsigns(symbols,indices,icons)forencodinganddecodinginformation.Webster’sNewWorldDictionary1).A.humanspeechB.theabilitytocommunicatebythismeansC.asystemofvocalsoundsandcombinationsofsuchsoundstowhichmeaningisattributed,usedfortheexpressionorcommunicationofthoughtsandfeelingsD.thewrittenrepresentationofsuchasystem2).A.anymeansofexpressingorcommunicating,asgestures,signs,oranimalsoundsB.aspecialsetofsymbols,letters,numeral,rulesetc.usedforthetransmissionofinformation,asinacomputerLanguageissystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.SystemArbitraryVocalSymbolsHumancommunicationII.DistinctiveFeaturesofHumanLanguage1.ArbitrarinessByarbitrariness,wemeanthereisnonaturalrelationshipbetweensoundsandmeaning.Howeverthereseemstobedifferentlevelsofarbitrariness.1)morphemic(word)level语音理据拟声词（onomatopoeia)Splash;cuckoo;mew语音象征（soundsymbolism)glide;glisten;glimmer;glitterglbright“吧吧”（bābā），“吧嗒”(bādā),“吧唧”(bājī),“哔哔”(bìbi),“嚓嚓”（cācā），“嘀嗒”(dídá),“叮咚”（dīngdōng）“叮当”(dīngdāng),“咕哝”(gūnōng),“咕咚”(gūdōng),“轰隆”(hōnglōng),”呼呼”(hūhu),“呼拉”（hūlā),咔吧（kābā），”咔嚓”（kāchā），“噼啪”(pīpā),“扑哧”(pūchā),“扑嗤”(pūchī),“扑扑”（pūpū）,“扑通”(pūtōng),“飒飒”(sàsà)，“瑟瑟”(sèsè),“沙拉”(shālā)，“刷拉”(shuālā)，“唰唰/刷刷”(shuāshuā),“咝咝”（sīsī），“飕飕”(sōusōu)，“簌簌”(sùsù)，“索落”（suŏluò）“籔籔”(sŏusŏu),，索索(suŏsuŏ)，等等。以–ang结尾的音韵更多地表示强壮，主要，繁盛，宽敞，长，多和芬芳等意义，昂(áng),盎(āng),棒(bàng),昌(chāng),长(cháng),常(cháng),敞(chăng),畅(chàng,),创(chuàng),芳(fāng),放(fàng),刚（gāng),纲(gāng),吭(hàng),况(kuàng),沆(hàng),皇(huáng,emperor),光(guāng),广(guăng),奖（jiăng）,芒(máng),强(qiáng),壮(zhuàng),洋(yáng)，扬(yáng),糖(táng),堂(táng),等。当“w”声母处于字的音节之首，往往具有负面的或不存在的意义，如无(wú),勿(wú),毋(wú),完(wán),亡(wáng),忘(wàng),罔(wŭng),伪(wěi),未(wèi).以“f”起首的字表示否定，如反(făn),犯(fàn),非(fēi),匪(fěi),诽(fěi),菲(fē),费(fèi),废(fèi),坟(fén),焚(fén),否(fŏu),弗(fú)语形MountainSnakeStraight?breakfastbreak+fastholidayholy+dayIceland休罢休“境”“婚”卡词法理据speakermovement椅语义理据山头；山腰原义衍生义隐喻词义的理据性semanticmotivation晦暗词（opaquewords）Themeaningofopaquewordscannotbederivedfromtheirconstituents.butterfly；blackmail;jailbird透明词（transparentwords)Themeaningoftransparentwordscanbeinferredbytheirconstituents.buttermilk（酪乳）;