英语语音-unit-5-Consonants-of-the-English-Language

DescriptionoftheEnglishconsonantsEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedaccordingto1.thepointsofarticulation2.themannersofarticulation3.thestateofthevocalcordsPointsofarticulation1.bilabial(twolips)2.labio-dental(topteeth/bottomlip)3.dental(tonguetip/topteeth)4.alveolar(tonguetip/toothridge)5.postalveolar(tonguetipormid/hardpalate)6.palatal(tonguemid/hardpalate)7.velar(tongueback/softpalate)8.glottalMannersofarticulation1.Stops(orplosives)2.Fricatives3.Affricates4.Nasals5.Lateral6.ApproximantsEnglishConsonants•1.Stops/Plosives-Englishhassixburstsorexplosivesoundsproducedbycompleteclosureofthevocaltractfollowedbyarapidreleaseoftheclosure-'p','t','k','b','d','g'.•2.Fricatives-Englishhasninefricatives-weakorstrongfrictionnoisesproducedwhenthearticulatorsarecloseenoughtogethertocauseturbulenceintheairflow.•3.Affricates-Englishhastwoaffricates-plosivesreleasedwithfrication-churchandjudge.•4.Nasals-Englishhasthreenasalsinwhichtheairflowisblockedcompletelyatsomepointintheoraltract,butinwhichtheloweringofthevelumallowsaweakflowofenergytopassthroughthenose.•5.Approximants-Englishhasfourapproximants-the'w'inwon,the'l'inlike,the'r'inred,andthe'y'inyes.Inthesephonemes,thereismoreconstrictioninthevocaltractthanforthevowels,butlessthantheotherconsonantcategoriesbelow.Englishconsonantsandtheirdescription/p/-voicelessbilabiostop/b/-voicedbilabiostop/t/-voicelessalveolarstop/d/-voicedalveolarstop/k/-voicelessvelarstop//-voicedvelarstop/f/-voicelesslabiodentalfricative/v/-voicedlabiodentalfricative//-voicelessdentalfricative//-voiceddentalfricative/s/-voicelessalveolarfricatives/z/-voicedalveolarfricativeEnglishconsonantsandtheirdescription//-voicelesspost-alveolarfricative//-voicedpost-alveolarfricative/h/-voicelessglottalfricative/t/-voicelesspost-alveolaraffricate/d/-voicedpost-alveolaraffricate/m/-voicedbilabialnasal/n/-voicedalveolarnasal/n/-voicedvelarnasal/l/-voicedalveolarlateral/w/-voicedbilabialapproximant/r/-voicedpost-alveolarapproximant/j/-voicedpalatalapproximantThepronunciationof/p/and/b/Thepronunciationof/t/and/d/Thepronunciationof/k/and/g/音位变体位于词首且是重读音节中，送气：poke,tape,keep.位于词尾失去爆破：toptea,robtheman,sitstill,takethree,lagbehind.两相同辅音相连，不爆破，延长发音时间：stopPete,robBob,letTim(比较lethim),sadDave,takeKim(比较takehim),biggrapes./s/后辅音连缀不送气：spot,stop,sky.受相邻辅音影响：eighth,width(齿化),clock,padlock,glad(共发音舌侧爆破),keen,geese(发音部位前移).MaterialsforreadingaloudAmericanseatbreakfastandlunchquicklyunlessitisasocial,businessorfamilyoccasion.Theeveningmealisusuallylongerandatimeforfamiliestogathertogether.RushingthroughdaytimemealsispartofthefastpaceinAmerica.Anotherreasonforrushingthroughdaytimemealsisthatmanypeopleeatinrestaurantsthatareusuallycrowdedwithpeoplewaitingforaplacesothattheycanbeservedandreturntoworkatthepropertime.Soeachonehurriestomakeroomforthenextperson.Aswithbusypeopleeverywhere,thereisarealdifferencebetweenmealsthatareeateninahurryandthosethatcanbeenjoyedslowlywithfriends.