状语从句

状语从句状语的定义和作用定义：状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子等的句子成分。状语表示地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随情况等。状语的形式和位置在所有的语法范畴中，状语的形式最多样，它可以是单词、词组或从句；可以是副词（短语）、介词短语、分词（短语）、动词不定式（短语）、状语从句等。与其他语法范畴相比，状语的位置也最灵活，它可以出现在句首、句中或句末。例如：Immediatelyhereplied.（句首）Heimmediatelyreplied.（句中）Herepliedimmediately.（句尾）1.副词（短语）作状语1.Sheisalwayslosingherkeys.2.Hesecretlydecidedtoleavethetown.3.Wewillraisethemoneysomehow.4.Johndrovetooslowly.2.介词短语作状语1.Hetraveledinthedesertforsixmonths.2.Wehavefriendsallovertheworld.3.Thebestfishswimnearthebottom.4.Ihavelivedhereforthreeyears.3.分词（短语）作状语1.Beingapoorteacher,hecan’taffordtobuyacar.2.Comparedtoheraffection,nothingelsehadanyworth.3.Shesattheredoingnothing.4.Givenbetterattention,thetreescangrowwell.4.形容词作状语1.Hesaidnothingbutsatsilentsmoking.2.Freshfromtheoven,breadisdelicious.5.不定式（短语）作状语1.Shewasslowtomakeuphermind.2.Tobehonest,Ididn’tenjoytheparty.3.Welivetoservethepeopleheartandsoul.4.Itwastoolatetodoanythingnow.5.Thetestquestionsarekeptsecret,soastopreventcheating.状语从句定义：状语从句（AdverbialClause）指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、或整个句子。种类：根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词（从属连词）引导，也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。1.时间状语从句引导时间状语从句的从属连词有：when,while,as,whenever,before,after,since,till,until,assoonas,once…等引导。如：1.Whenhewasstillayoungman,hewasforcedtoleavehishomelandforpoliticalreasons.2.Ithasbeen15yearssinceheleft.3.I’lltellhimthenewsassoonasIseehim.4.Onceyouhavegotusedtoit,youwilllikeit.5.Iwaitedtillhehadfinishedhiswork.when,while,as引导的时间状语从句三者的共性是：都可以与具有持续性动作的动词连用，表示一段时间。1.Heenteredtheroomwhen/while/asthemeetingwasgoingon.2.When/As/WhenIwaswakingdownthestreet,anAmericanaskedmefordirectionstotheneareststation.三者的区别：When通常指一时的动作或者状态，可表示从句动作和主句动作同时发生，或者先于主句动作；while常用来引导两个同时进行的持续时间较长的动作；as常用来引导两个动作紧接着发生，强调同一时间或一先一后；1.WhenImeettherightman,Iwillgetmarried.2.Whiletheteacherexplainedthetext,thestudentslistenedattentivelyandtooknotes.3.Hesangsongsashewastakingasbath.一些形式上为副词的连接词引导的时间状语从句有些表示时间的副词，如once,directly,immediately等也可作连接词用来引导时间状语从句，意思为“一...就..”。1.DirectlyIreceivedyourletter,Icamebackatonce.2.Immediatelyhecamehome,Itoldhimaboutit.3.Instantlythebuttonispressed,themineexplodes.某些表示时间的名词短语引导的时间状语从句某些表示时间的名词词组如：themoment,theminute,theinstant,theday,theyear,anytime,eachtime等也可以用来引导时间状语从句。1.Youcancallmeanytimeyouwantto.2.Theinstanttheresultcameout,shetoldus.3.Themomenthesawme,heturnedpale.连接词assoonas,since,nosoonerthan...等引导的时间状语从句1.连接词assoonas,hardly/barely/scarcely...when/before,nosooner...than...等引导的时间状语从句，意为一/刚...就...1.Assoonastheirmothercamein,thechildrencriedoutwithpleasure.2.Jackhadhardlyseenmewhenhelefttheroom.3.Thespyhadnosoonerreturnedhomethanhewastoldtogotoanothercountry.注意：hardly/barely/scarcely...when/before,nosooner...than...引导的时间状语从句中，若把nosooner,hardly/barely/scarcely放在句首的话，则需要用倒装结构。1.Nosoonerhadheheardthenewsthanhefainted.2.Hardlyhadheenteredtheroomwhenthetelephonerang.2.地点状语从句地点状语从句通常由where,wherever,anywhere,everywhere引导。如：1.Gobackwhereyoucamefrom.2.Whereveryougo,youmustwritetoyourparents.3.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.4.Wherethereistoomuch,thepoisonandwastemaydogreatharmtothethingsaroundus.3.原因状语从句1).由because,since,as引导的原因状语从句这三个词都可以引导原因状语从句，其中because语气最强，多表示所叙述的理由是本句的重点，故because所引导的从句多放在句末，在回答由why引导的问句中，只能用because在语气上since次之，as最弱。Since和as表示的原因，多是既成事实，原因以外才是叙述的重点，因而两者多用于句首。1.Whywereyoulate?Becausethetrafficwastooheavy.2.Asitisraining,let’sstayathome.3.Sinceyouhavenolicense,youarenotallowedtodrive.since：表示“既然”，语气比because弱Sinceyouarehere,youmustdoit.as：表示“因为”语气比because轻，引导从句放在主句前也可放在主句后：Youneedn’tgowithme,asyouarebusy.AsIwasafraid,Ihidmyself.注意：在强调句式中，若强调原因状语从句，只能用because引导的从句。1.Itwasbecausehewascarelessthathefailed.2.Itwasbecausehewasillthathedidn’tgowithus.2.复合连词引导的原因状语从句复合连词inthat,nowthat,seeingthat,consideringthat,notthat...butthat等可用来引导原因状语从句1.Agasdiffersfromliquidinthatithasnodefiniteshape.2.Nowthatyouareready,wewillstartworkingatonce.3.Theydidthejobquitewell,consideringthattheyhadnoexperience.4.Ihaven’tfinishedwritingthereportyet,notthatIamlazy,butthatIhavenotime.3.介词词组引导的原因状语从句有些介词词组如byreason,forfear,forthereason,ontheground等可直接跟that，用来引导表示原因的状语从句。1.IeatpotatoesforthesimplereasonthatIlikethem.2.Idaren’ttellyouwhathedid,forfearthatheshouldbeangrywithme3.Hewasnotseverelypunishedforhiscrimeonthegroundthathewasyoung.4.结果状语从句由so…that,such…that,suchthat引导的结果状语从句1.Thereweresomanypeople(=suchalotofpeople)intheroomthatwecouldnotgetin.2.Hemadesuchanexcellentspeechthateveryoneadmiredhim.3.HeransofastthatIcouldn’tcatchupwithhim.4.Itwassuchabadaccidentthathundredsofpeoplewerekilled.5.HegavemesuchgoodadvicethatIfinishedthetaskeasily.注意so和such用法的区别：常见结构So+adj./adv.+thatSucha/an+n.+thatSuch+n.+thatsuch+复数可数名词+thatTosuchdegreethat,tosuchanextentthat,withtheresultthat等引导的结果状语从句1.Thetemperaturerosetosuchanextentthatthefiremanhadtoleavethehouse.2.Iwasinthebath,withtheresultthatIdidn’thearthetelephone.5.目的状语从句1.Sothat,inorderthat等引导的目的状语从句Sothat,inorderthat常与may,can,should,might等情态动词连用，引导目的状语从句。由inorderthat引导的从句一般用于正式文体，可在主句之前，也可在主句之后；而由sothat引导的从句通常放在主句之后，有时也可放在主句之前。1).Weleftearlysothatwecouldcatch