cell-structure-revised

1BasicStructureofaCellcopyrightcmassengale2ReviewFactsAboutLivingThingscopyrightcmassengale3WhatAretheMainCharacteristicsoforganisms?1.MadeofCELLS2.RequireENERGY(food)3.REPRODUCE(species)4.MaintainHOMEOSTASIS5.ORGANIZED6.RESPONDtoenvironment7.GROWandDEVELOP8.EXCHANGEmaterialswithsurroundings(water,wastes,gases)copyrightcmassengale4LEVELSOFORGANIZATIONNonlivingLevels:1.ATOM(element)2.MOLECULE(compoundslikecarbohydrates&proteins)3.ORGANELLES(nucleus,ER,Golgi…)copyrightcmassengale5LEVELSOFORGANIZATIONLivingLevels:1.CELL(makesupALLorganisms)2.TISSUE(cellsworkingtogether3.ORGAN(heart,brain,stomach…)4.ORGANSYSTEMS(respiratory,circulatory…)5.ORGANISMcopyrightcmassengale6LEVELSOFORGANIZATIONLivingLevelscontinued:1.POPULATION(onespeciesinanarea)2.COMMUNITY(severalpopulationsinanarea3.ECOSYSTEM(forest,prairie…)4.BIOME(Tundra,TropicalRainforest…)5.BIOSPHERE(alllivingandnonlivingthingsonEarth)copyrightcmassengale7HistoryofCells&theCellTheoryCellSpecializationcopyrightcmassengale8FirsttoViewCells•In1665,RobertHookeusedamicroscopetoexamineathinsliceofcork(deadplantcellwalls)•Whathesawlookedlikesmallboxescopyrightcmassengale9FirsttoViewCells•Hookeisresponsiblefornamingcells•Hookecalledthem“CELLS”becausetheylookedlikethesmallroomsthatmonkslivedincalledCellscopyrightcmassengale10AntonvanLeeuwenhoek•In1673,Leeuwenhoek(aDutchmicroscopemaker),wasfirsttovieworganism(livingthings)•Leeuwenhoekusedasimple,handheldmicroscopetoviewpondwater&scrapingsfromhisteethcopyrightcmassengale11BeginningoftheCellTheory•In1838,aGermanbotanistnamedMatthiasSchleidenconcludedthatallplantsweremadeofcells•Schleidenisacofounderofthecelltheorycopyrightcmassengale12BeginningoftheCellTheory•In1839,aGermanzoologistnamedTheodoreSchwannconcludedthatallanimalsweremadeofcells•Schwannalsocofoundedthecelltheorycopyrightcmassengale13BeginningoftheCellTheory•In1855,aGermanmedicaldoctornamedRudolphVirchowobserved,underthemicroscope,cellsdividing•Hereasonedthatallcellscomefromotherpre-existingcellsbycelldivisioncopyrightcmassengale14CELLTHEORY•Alllivingthingsaremadeofcells•Cellsarethebasicunitofstructureandfunctioninanorganism(basicunitoflife)•Cellscomefromthereproductionofexistingcells(celldivision)copyrightcmassengale15DiscoveriesSincetheCellTheorycopyrightcmassengale16ENDOSYMBIOTICTHEORY•In1970,Americanbiologist,LynnMargulis,providedevidencethatsomeorganelleswithincellswereatonetimefreelivingcellsthemselves•SupportingevidenceincludedorganelleswiththeirownDNA•ChloroplastandMitochondriacopyrightcmassengale17copyrightcmassengale18CellSizeandTypes•Cells,thebasicunitsoforganisms,canonlybeobservedundermicroscope•ThreeBasictypesofcellsinclude:AnimalCellPlantCellBacterialCellcopyrightcmassengale19NumberofCellsAlthoughALLlivingthingsaremadeofcells,organismsmaybe:•Unicellular–composedofonecell•Multicellular-composedofmanycellsthatmayorganizeintotissues,etc.copyrightcmassengale20CELLSIZETypicalcellsrangefrom5–50micrometers(microns)indiametercopyrightcmassengale21WhichCellTypeisLarger?_________________________________PlantcellAnimalcellbacteriacopyrightcmassengale22HowBigisaMicron(µ)?1cm=10,000microns1”=25,000micronscopyrightcmassengale23MulticellularOrganisms•Cellsinmulticellularorganismsoftenspecialize(takeondifferentshapes&functions)copyrightcmassengale24CellSpecialization•Cellsinamulti-cellularorganismbecomespecializedbyturningdifferentgenesonandoff•ThisisknownasDIFFERENTIATIONcopyrightcmassengale25SpecializedAnimalCellsMusclecellsRedbloodcellsCheekcellscopyrightcmassengale26SpecializedPlantcellsXylemcellsPollenGuardCellscopyrightcmassengale27OrganizationLevelsofLifeAtomstoOrganismscopyrightcmassengale28ATOMSMOLECULESORGANELLESNonlivingLevelscopyrightcmassengale29CELLS–lifestartshereTISSUES–SimilarcellsworkingtogetherLivingLevelscopyrightcmassengale30ORGANSORGANSYSTEMSORGANISMDifferenttissuesworkingtogetherDifferentorgansworkingtogetherMoreLivingLevelscopyrightcmassengale31SimpleorComplexCellscopyrightcmassengale32Prokaryotes–ThefirstCells•Cellsthatlackanucleusormembrane-boundorganelles•Includesbacteria•Simplesttypeofcell•Single,circularchromosomecopyrightcmassengale33Prokaryotes•Nucleoidregion(center)containstheDNA•Surroundedbycellmembrane&cellwall(peptidoglycan)•Containribosomes(nomembrane)intheircytoplasmtomakeproteinscopyrightcmassengale34Eukaryotes•CellsthatHAVEanucleusandmembrane-boundorganelles•Includesprotists,fungi,plants,andanimals•Morecomplextypeofcellscopyrightcmassengale35EukaryoticCellContain3basiccellstructures:•Nucleus•CellMembrane•Cytoplasmwithorganellescopyrightcmassengale36TwoMainTypesofEukaryoticCellsPlantCellAnimalCellcopyrightcmassengale37Organellescopyrightcmassengale38Organelles•Verysmall(Microscopic)•Performvariousfunctionsforacell•Foundinthecytoplasm•Mayormaynotbemembrane-boundcopyrightcmassengale39AnimalCellOrganellesNucleolusNucleusNuclearenvelopeRibosome(attached)Ribosome(free)CellMembraneRoughendoplasmicreticulumGolgiapparatusMitochondrionSmoothendoplasmicreticulumCentriolescopyrightcmassengale40PlantCellOrganellescopyrightcmassenga