文学导论知识点

poetry（一）ElementsofPoetryRhyme(Rime)Rhymeistherepetitionofthestressedvowelsoundandallsucceedingsounds1.SingleorMasculinerhyme单（阳）韵----rhymingsoundsinvolveonlyonesyllable.E.g.cold,bold;thing,king;day,way1.DoubleorFemininerhyme双叠（阴）韵----rhymingsoundsinvolvetwoormoresyllables.E.g.begin,again；flatter,matter;3.Triplerhyme三叠韵----akindoffemininerhymeinwhichidenticalstressedvowelsoundsarefollowedbytwoidenticalunstressedsyllables.E.g.machinery,scenery;tenderly,slenderly;spitefully,delightfully;remember,September4.Internalrhyme（行内韵）----atleastoneoftherhymingwordsarewithintheline.E.g.“Eachnarrowcellinwhichwedwell”;“thegrainsbeyondage,thedarkveinsofhermother”5.Endrhyme(orTerminalrhyme)（行尾韵）----thebothrhymingwordsoccurattheendsoflines.(Thecommonestandmostconsciouslysought-aftersoundrepetitioninEnglishpoetry.)E.g.Undermywindow,acleanraspingsoundWhenthespadesinksintogravellyground.Letusrollallourstrength,andallOurSweetness,upintooneball.6.BeginningRhyme行首词韵----rhymethatoccursinthefirstsyllableorsyllablesofsuccessivelines.E.g.WhyshouldIhavereturned?Myknowledgewouldnotfitintotheirs.Ifounduntouchedthedesertoftheunknown.7.InterlacedorCrossedRhyme交错韵----Wordsinthemiddleofeachlinerhyme.Itoccursinlongcouplets,especiallythehexameter.E.g.Laurelisgreenforaseason,andloveissweetforaday,Butlovegrowsbitterwithtreason,andlaureloutlivesnotMay.8.PerfectorExactrhyme（全韵）----differingconsonantsoundsarefollowedbyidenticalstressedvowelsounds,andthefollowingsoundsareidentical.E.g.foe,toe;meet,fleet;buffer,rougher;fix,sticks;9.Halfrhymeoroffrhyme,nearrhyme,obliquerhyme,slantrhyme)（斜韵）----thefemininerhymesthatdonotrhymecompletely.E.g.frightful,slightly;yellow,pillow；mirth,forth；trolley,bully10.yerhyme（视觉韵）----formedbywordsthatlookalikearhymedunitbutdonothavethesamesounds.E.g.cough,bough；home,some;hear,bear11.ApproximaterhymesAlliteration头韵----repetitionofinitialsounds.E.g.alltheawfulauguries..Bringmemybowofburninggold;moreoftendefinedastherepetitionofconsonants.E.g.afterlife’sfitfulfever（二）Rhymescheme（押韵格式）----thepatternofalternatingendrhymesinastanzaorpoem.Inanalysisofarhymescheme,eachrhymeisrepresentedbyasmallletter.E.g.Loveisasicknessfullofwoes,(a)Allremediesrefusing;(b)Aplantthatwithmostcuttinggrows(a)Mostbarrenwithbestusing.(b)Whyso?(c)（三）Stanza----agroupoflinesofverseformingoneoftheunitsordivisionsofapoem.（Itisusuallyrecurrent,characterizedbyaregularpattern,withrespecttoorunderdeterminationof,thenumberoflines,andarrangementofmeterofrhyme.）Commonstanzaformsincludethecouplet,thetriplet,andthequatrainCouplet----twosuccessiverhyminglines:Forthysweetloverememb’redsuchwealthbringsThatthenIscorntochangemystatewithkings.（ThecoupletisoneofthemainverseunitsinWesternliterature,andisaformofgreatantiquity.ChaucerwasoneofthefirstEnglishpoetstouseitandit’sgenerallythoughtthatChaucerdevelopedtheform.）Triplet----astanzaofthreelines;anindividualpoemofthreelines.E.g.WhenasinsilksmyJuliagoesThen,then(methinks)howsweetlyflowsThatliquefactionofherclothes.Next,whenIcastmineeyesandseeThatbravevibrationeachwayfree;Ohowthatglitteringtakethme!Quatrain----astanzaoranindividualpoemoffourlinesrhymedorunrhymed.ItoccursasthecommonestofallstanzaicformsinEasternandWesternpoetries,andlendsitselftowidevariationinmeterandrhyme.E.g.IenvynotinanymoodsThecaptivevoidofnoblerage,ThelinnetbornwithinthecageThatneverknewthesummerwoods;IenvynotthebeastthattakesHislicenseinthefieldoftime,unfetteredbythesenseofcrime,Towhomaconscienceneverwakes.OtherStanzaicforms：Quintain----astanzaoranindividualpoemof5lines.Sexain,orsixain,sextain,hexastich/`heksəstik/----astanzaof6linesHeptastich/`heptəstik/----astanzaoranindividualpoemof7lines.Sonnet----a14-linepoem./（四）MetricalRhythmAccentsandpausesInpoetry,theendofalineofverseisitselfamarkofpunctuation.Ifthelastwordofalineisfollowedbynopunctuationandispartofacontinuinggrammaticalunitlikeaprepositionalphrase,wecallthelinerun-on,orenjambed.（跨行连续）E.g.somuchdependsuponaredwheelbarrowglazedwithrainwaterbesidethewhitechickens.(WilliamCarlosWilliams)MetricalRhythmMeter(韵律，格律)----derivedfromtheGreekword“metron”meaning“measure”.Referstotheregularpatternofstressed(markedasOor/)andunstressedsyllables(markedasoor~;u;xetc.).E.g.morningOo(or:/~)verbalizeOoo(or:/~~)tomorrowoOo(or:~/~)againoO(or:~/)MetricalRhythmNamesforMeters:1.Iamb/`aiæmb/(Iambic/ai`æmbik/adj.):anunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedsyllable.抑扬格（英）；短长格（西、拉）oO(~/)(da-dum)E.g.againoO(or:~/)ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?ThouartmorelovelyandmoretemperateoOoOoOoOoOShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?oOoOoOoOoOThouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.2.Trochee/`trəuki:/(trochaic/trəu`keiik/adj.):astressedsyllablefollowedbyanunstressedsyllable.扬抑格（英）；长短格（西、拉）Oo(/~)(dum-da)E.g.morningOo(or:/~)Tiger!Tiger!burningbrightIntheforestsofthenight.OoOoOoOTiger!Tiger!burningbrightOoOoOoOIntheforestsofthenight.OR:/~/~/~/Tiger!Tiger!burningbright/~/~/~/Intheforestsofthenight.3.AnapestorAnapaest/`ænəpi:st/(AnapesticorAnapaestic/ænə`pi:stik/adj.):twounstressedsyllablesfollowedbyastressedsyllable抑抑扬格（英）；短短长格（西、拉）.ooO(~~/)(da-da