英语国家概况PPT,美国教育体制简介

AmericaneducationsystemEducationInTheUSA•(一)characteristicsofAmericanEducation•(二)ElemenyaryandSecondaryEducation•(三)HigherEducation•(四)EducationReformsintheUScharacteristicsofAmericanEducation•(1)TheorigionabouttheEducationoftheUSA•EducationinAmericancanbetrackedbacktothepuritansintheearly17thcentury,•thethinkeverypersonshouldbeabletoreadtheBible.•In1634theyopenedaLaingrammerschoolforthosewhowantedtopreperforcollege;•1n1636,Harydwasfoundedforthetrainingofreligiousministers.•During1630s-1640s,Lawswerepassedforcompulsoryeducationforallchildrenandpublictaxationforschools.(2)ThepositionabouttheEducationintheUSA•TheeducationisregardedasbothanindividualbenefitandasocialnecessityandveryAmericanhastherightandobligationtobecomeeducation.ThemajorityofAmericansAmericansfirmlybelievethatthefutureofthenationdependslargesoneducation(3)ThediversitycharacteristicofAmerican•TheAmericaneducationinculdealotofthings,suchas,thetpe,thesize,controloftheinstiutions,theeducationpoliciesandpractices.•ThereisnotanationalsystemofedcuationintheUSA.Thefederalgovernmentinfluenceseducationandcontributesfinanciallytoitsdevelopment,butithasnocontrolovereducationpolicyandpracticeacrossthestates.ElementaryandSecondaryeducation•Elementaryeducationrefertogrades1~6,thesecondaryeducationgenerallyreferstogrades9~12whichisalsocalledhighschool.However,inmanydistricts,secondaryeducationincludesbothgrades7~9whichiscalledjuniorhighschoolandgrades10~12whichiscalledseniorhighschool.SecondaryeducationintheUSalsoincludesvocationalschoolsandtechnicalschools.ThepublicschoolTheprivateschool•ThegreatmajorityofAmericanstudentsgotopublicschools,whicharesupportedbytaxpayersandfreeforstudent.Therevenuetooperateschoolsprimarilycomefromstatesandlocalities.Thepublicschool,usuallylagerinsize,arecreated,financiallysupportedandgovernedbystateorcommunities.Thesameistruefordecisionsabouttheschoolcurricula,teacherstandardsandcertifications,andtheoverallmeasurementofstudentprogress.•Therestofstudentsattendprivateschools,mostofwhichneedcertainamountoftuitionfeesfromtheparents.Privateschoolsarerunbyreligiousgroups,privateorganisationsorindividuals,wherereligiousteachingisapartofthecurriculainadditiontothenormalcoursesofreading,mathematics,history,geographyandscienceHighereducation•Americansesteemhighereducationasmostofthembelivethateducationisnecessaryformaintainingademocraticgovernmentaswellasforagoodincome.Forsomecareerssuchaslaw,medicine,engineering,etc.acollegeeducationisamust.•HighereducationintheUSAbeganwiththefoundingofHarvardCollegein1636.•Itisreportedthatthesuccessfulapplicantsatsuchcollegesareusuallychoseninthebasisoftheirhighschoolrecord;recommendationsfromtheirhighschoolteachers;theimpressiontheymakeduringinterviewattheuniversity;theirsoresontheSAT.•Sincethe1970sand1980s,therehasbeenatrendawayfromthetraditionalliberalartsandpurescience.Instead,studentsbecomemirevocation-oriented.Intheearly1990s,morethanhalfBachelor'sdegreeswereconferredinmajorssuchasbusinessandmanagement,computerandinformationscience,educationandengineering.EducationReformsintheUS•AfterWWⅡ，Americaneducationhasundergonegreatthereforms.•Inthe1980,theproblemineducationagaindrewtheattentionofmanypeople.In1983,areportentitledAnationatriskdeclineofeducationalstandardsandputforwardfiveproposals:•1thatallstudentgratuatingfromhighschoolcompletewhatwastermasthenewbasics•2thatschoolatalllevelsexpecthigheracievement•3thatmoretimebedevotedtoteachingthenewbasis•4thatthepreparationofteachersbestrengthened•5thosecitizensrequiretheirelectedrepresatativetosupportandfundthesereformsAwaveofeducational•Bythemid-1980s,awaveofeducationalreformsweptthecountryandpeoplefoundlittleimpactsoon•Soputforwardproposalstocarryatthesegoal,asfollow:•1ensuringthatallpre-schoolersenteredschoolreadytolearn;•2improvingthenation'shigh-schoolgraduationratetoatleast90precent;•3requiringstudentstodemonstratepompetencyinEnglish,mathemstics,science,history,andgeography;•4makingAmericanstudentsfirstintheworldinmathandscienceachievement;•5elimimatingdrugsandviolencefromschool;•6ensuringthatalladultAmericanswereliterate.Theimpact•Severalyearshavepassed,someimprovementshavebeenmadeinAmericanschool,buestudents'achievementinsubjectshowsnoimprovement,oneofthegovernorssaidthatthegoalweredifficulttoachieveandthattherewasalongwaytogo,美国著名学校的校徽Thanksforwatching郑赛蕊、刘延梅、刘莉萍、李冰冰。