超详细中英图文对照汽车技术解析+机械专业英语词汇

1/127CHAPTER1AUTOMOTIVEBASICS1.1PrincipalComponents主要构成零部件Today'saveragecarcontainsmorethan15,000separate,individualpartsthatmustworktogether.Thesepartscangroupedintofourmajorcategories:engine,body,chassisandelectricalequipment.现在，一般汽车由大约一万五千多个独立的零部件组成。这些部件分为四大类，即发动机（引擎系统），车身，底盘和电气设备。1.2Engine发动机/引擎系统Theengineactsasthepowerunit.Theinternalcombustionengineismostcommon:thisobtainsitspowerbyburningaliquidfuelinsidetheenginecylinder.Therearetwotypesofengine:gasoline(alsocalledaspark-ignitionengine)anddiesel(alsocalleda2/127compression-ignitionengine).Bothenginesarecalledheatengines;theburningfuelgeneratesheatwhichcausesthegasinsidethecylindertoincreaseitspressureandsupplypowertorotateashaftconnectedtothetransmission.引擎的作用是动力产生的部件。内燃机引擎最为常见。引擎通过燃烧其汽缸内的液体汽油来获得能量（将汽油的能量转化为动能来驱动汽车）。引擎分为汽油（火花引燃式）发动机和柴油（压燃式）发动机。这两类发动机都被称为热力机。燃烧的汽油产生热量，促使汽缸内的气体气压增强，从而提供能量以旋转（启动）传输轴。1.3Body车身Anautomobilebodyisasheetmetalshellwithwindows,doors,ahood,andatrunkdeckbuiltintoit.Itprovidesaprotectivecoveringfortheengine,passengers,andcargo.Thebodyisdesignedtokeeppassengerssafeandcomfortable.Thebodystylingprovidesanattractive,colorful,modernappearanceforthevehicle.汽车车身是由金属薄片壳、车窗、车门、发动机罩和行李舱盖等共同构成。车身为发动机，乘客和货物提供了一个防护罩。车身的设计应该遵循保证乘客安全和舒适的原则。车身的风格使汽车具有了引人注目、彩色的，现代的外立面。1.4Chassis底盘Thechassisisanassemblyofthosesystemsthatarethemajoroperatingpartofavehicle.Thechassisincludesthetransmission,suspension,steering,andbrakesystems.底盘由汽车的主要操作系统组装而成。包括传动系、行驶系、转向系和制动系四部分。Transmissionsystems―conveysthedrivetothewheels.Themaincomponentsareclutch,gearbox,driveshaft,finaldrive,anddifferential.传动系-将驱动力传递到车轮。主要组成部件是离合器、变速箱、传动轴、主减速器和差速器。Suspension―absorbstheroadshocks.悬挂系-吸收路面震动。Steering―controlsthedirectionofthemovement.转向系-控制汽车的行驶方向。Brake―slowsdownthevehicle.制动系-使汽车减速缓行。1.5ElectricalEquipment电气设备Theelectricalsystemsupplieselectricityfortheignition,horn,lights,heater,andstarter.Theelectricitylevelismaintainedbyachargingcircuit.Thiscircuitconsistsofthebattery,alternator(orgenerator).Thebatterystoreselectricity.Thealternatorchangestheengine'smechanicalenergyintoelectricalenergyandrechargesthebattery.电气设备为汽车点火、喇叭、车灯、发热器和启动器提供电力。通过循环充电来维持电量。NewWordsPrincipalcomponent主要部件category种类，类型body车身3/127chassis底盘layout布置powerunit动力装置internalcombustionengine内燃机cylinder汽缸gasoline汽油spark火花ignition点燃，点火diesel柴油机compression压缩shaft轴transmission传动系sheetmetal金属板shell外壳hood（发动机）罩trunkdeck行李舱盖cargo货物styling样式assembly总成，装配suspension悬挂，悬置shock冲击steering转向，操纵brake刹车，制动器clutch离合器gearbox变速器driveshaft传动轴finaldrive主减速器，后桥differential差速器slowdown（使）慢下来，减速horn喇叭starter起动机charge充电alternator交流发电机ReviewQuestions1.Listthemainpartsofanautomobile?2.Whatarethecommontypesofavehicleaccordingtobodystyling?3.Whichsystemsdoesachassisincludeandwhatarethemainfunctionsofthechassis?4.Whyaresuspensionsystemsusedonvehicles?CHAPTER2INTERNALCOMBUSTIONENGINE内燃发动机2.1principleofoperation发动机的工作原理/操作原理2.1.1Engineandpower发动机与能量Engineisusedtoproducepower.发动机产生动能。4/127Thechemicalenergyinfuelisconvertedtoheatbytheburningofthefuelatacontrolledrate.Thisprocessiscalledcombustion.Ifenginecombustionoccurswiththepowerchamber,theengineiscalledinternalcombustionengine.Ifcombustiontakesplaceoutsidethecylinder,theengineiscalledanexternalcombustionengine.汽油燃料通过受控速度的燃烧讲自身的化学能转化为热能。这个过程称作燃烧。如果发动机的内燃在燃料室中发上，发动机被称作内燃发动机。如果内燃发生在汽缸外，发动机则被称作外燃发动机。Engineusedinautomobilesareinternalcombustionheatengines.汽车的发动机是内燃发动机。Heatenergyreleasedinthecombustionchamberraisesthetemperatureofthecombustiongaseswiththechamber.Theincreaseingastemperaturecausesthepressureofthegasestoincrease.Thepressuredevelopedwithinthecombustionchamberisappliedtotheheadofapistontoproduceausablemechanicalforce,whichisthenconvertedintousefulmechanicalpower.燃烧汽缸中释放的热能将汽缸内的内燃其他温度升高。气体温度的升高导致其他压强增大。汽缸内的压强不断产生以用于活塞头产生可用的机械动力，随后转变成为有用的机械动能。2.1.2EngineTerms发动机术语Linkingthepistonbyaconnectingrodtoacrankshaftcausesthegastorotatetheshaftthroughhalfaturn.连动杆将汽缸活塞与机轴联接起来，这种连接促使气体Thepowerstroke“usesup”thegas,someansmustbeprovidedtoexpeltheburntgasandrechargethecylinderwithafreshpetrol-airmixture:thiscontrolofgasmovementisthedutyofthevalves;aninletvalveallowsthenewmixturetoenterattherighttimeandanexhaustvalveletsouttheburntgasafterthegashasdoneitsjob.Enginetermsare:TDC(TopDeadCenter):thepositionofthecrankandpistonwhenthepistonisfartherawayfromthecrankshaft.上止点BDC(BottomDeadCenter):thepositionofthecrankandpistonwhenthepistonisnearesttothecrankshaft.下止点Stroke:thedistancebetweenBDCandTDC;strokeiscontrolledbythecrankshaft.冲程Bore:theinternaldiameterofthecylinder.内孔（汽缸的内直径）Sweptvolume:thevolumebetweenTDCandBDC.活塞排量Enginecapacity:thisisthesweptvolumeofallthecylindere.g.afour-strokehavingacapacityoftwoliters(2000cm)hasacylindersweptvolumeof50cm.发动机容积Clearancevolume:thevolumeofthespaceabovethepistonwhenitisatTDC.汽缸余隙容积Compressionratio=(sweptvol+clearancevol)\(clearancevol)压缩率Two-stroke:apowerstrokeeveryrevolutionofthecrank.二冲程–曲柄旋转一圈作功一次。5/127Four-stroke:apowerstrokeeveryotherrevolutionofthecrank.四冲程-曲柄旋转两圈作功一次。2.1.3TheFour-strokeSpark-ignitionEngineCycleThespark-ignitionengineisaninternal-combustionen