明建国前朱元璋集团的军事领导机构及其演变

66[],,[];;[]K248[]A[]10071873(2010)03006609[],215009,,,,,,,,,,:,,,2090;,,,,,,,,3/2010,:,2006,1981:,2001,331,(,1999)(8)(2,2001)(,2006)(,2007),(20031),(20072)67,(1352),,:(),,,,,,,,,,,,:(:),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(1356),,,,,,,,,,,,,(1355),,,;,,,,,(1353),,,,,,,,,,,1,,1962,4():,(),2001,4071,1982,7():210,,1977,5732():22,2000,719122():,197593,():;():2;168,,,,,,,,,:,,,,,:,,,,,:,,,,,,,,,,?:,,,,,,,,,:,,,,,,(1285),,,,,,,,,(1364),27,13/2010():,1962,30689,1997,2176(),:227,2007,29873,,331,1997,4():161,1996,2478():,1988,21(),:124,1773,:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,691:34(1357)5(1358)6(1359)()7(1360)5()6781,,:(),,,,,(1355),,:(),,5,,,,;13013,,,,13,,37()1:,,,,;,;,():1,2006,2270,,,,,,1,,,,,:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;,,,,,,,,,,;,,,,,,:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(1364),,3/20109,,117-119():1,,2008,224,,46():70,1936,1422():20,59914,,1837,1990,99122,368371,,,,(),,:,,,,,:(),,,,,,;,,,,,,;,;;,,,,,lulv,,,lw,,,,,:,,,,,lx,,,,,,,lylulvlwlxly():,32190,219314,,18576,18616,,638,,9215,130:,,13:(1357),,,,,,,15,,21121,198314,,19215,,20690,219414,,19390,219372:,,(1356),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;,,,,,,,3/2010,,,,;,,,4,,444,,41()1,1995,244,,45():1,,2009,204,,45-4676,18574,1,,,,,5:,,,,,,,,73,,,,,5,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,7,,,,,,,:,;,,,;,,;,,:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:,,,,,,,,,,lu,,lvlulv():1,,246,,747,,807,,838,,92:,,,21,,,74,21,19827,,849,,1119,,113():161,247874;,,,,:,,,,,,,,(1367),,:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:,,,:,,,,,,,,,,,lu,,,,,,,,(,340911902)(:)3/2010lu9,,1209,,12090,219314,()227:,,,,,():53,1985,995,,27,,41235,,627():53,995():1,,1997,2789,2175189WaterTransportation,GeographicalPatternandNationalPoweroftheSixDynastiesZHANGXiaodongInfluencedbygeographicalpatternandstrugglesofnationalpower,thewatertransportationinSixDynastieshadundergoneupsanddownsinitsdevelopment.Thespecialtyofthedevelopmentshowsthestrategicsignificanceofwatertransportationinsomespecialhistoricalperiods.ResearchontheEmpressdowagerLiuandtheeditionofhistoryofSongZhenzongdynastyYanYongchengFromthelateofZhenzongdynastytotheearlydaysofRenzongdynasty,withtheleadoftheEmpressdowagerLiu,Zhenzongemperorshistorywaswritten,includingsomeofficialbooks,suchasShiLuNationalHistoryBaoXunShengZheng.TheseriesofbooksareverypartialtoZhengzongaswellashisbehaviorsintheseaspects:thesuccessionofthrone,SongdynastyandtheKhitanswars,Zhenz2ongsworshipofdivinityandotherbooksedition.Moreover,thegovernors,theministerwithpowerandtheeditorsfeelingsofloveandhatredhavebeenaddedtothesebooks.Theyhavedistinctivecharacteris2ticsofthetime.LeadingMilitaryOrganizationofZhuYuanzhangGroupandItsEvolvementbeforeMingDynastyHuangEmingThispaperdiscussesthesetupoftheleadingmilitarymechanismofZhuYuanzhangGroupanditsevolvement.Itprobesintothechangeofthemilitarymechanismfromtwoaspects:localleadingmilitarymechanismandthesuprememilitarymechanism.Thechangeresultsinthebasicleadingmilitarymecha2nismofearlyMingdynasty.SurnameandSurnameBooksinceMingandQingDynastiesYUWanliSurname,orfamilyname,hasahistoryofthousandsofyearsinChina.Withthehappeningofnu2meroushistoricaleventsandgreatchanges,thesurnamesarerichinmeaningbutinthemeantimecompli2catedandunsystematized.ThisimpelsustoprobeintothesurnamefromdifferentaspectslikeArchaeolo2gy,Linguistics,Anthropology,Geography,Culturology,etc.TheDestinyofChaHuaDi:FocusingontheTownofZhangliantangWUTaoThetownofZhangliantangwasonceChaHuaDi(landbelongingtooneproductionunitbutenclosedinthatofanother)thatwasembeddedinQingpuTown.InlateQingdynsty,therewasaconflictonwhetherChaHuaDishouldbeabolished.ThroughinvestigationintothehistoricaldestinyofthisChaHuaDi,wecanknowthehistorybehindthebelongingofZhangliantang.ItalsohelpsustoreflectonChaHuaDiphenomenonintraditionalChineseregionalsociety.FromSavingtheNationthroughSciencetoScienceCannotSavetheNation-Ontherecog2nitionofmodernChinatowardsscientificknowledgeZHANGJianTheapplicationofscienceoftengetsentangledwithmanysocialandhistoricalfactorsanddifficulttoberecognizedbypeople.InmodernChina,thewesternscience,sinceitsintroduction,hasbeengiventheresponsibilityofsavingthecountryandthereforelostthetruth-seekingnature.ItwasnotuntiltheAbstract