大学英语四级考试作文辅导

洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部黄保超大学英语四级考试作文辅导洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部黄保超第一讲主题句扩展句和结尾句主题句、扩展句、结尾句的写作特点与技巧洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部黄保超一、主题句：要想写好段落，首先要写好主题句。1.主题句的构成2.写好主题句的方法①完整的句子，而不是短语。②紧扣文章的主题。③内容具体④注意选定几个关键词3.主题句的写作技巧4.主题句的位置洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部黄保超1.主题句的构成由主题和作者的观点两部分构成。作者的观点就是我们通常所说的关键词（1）做合格大学生的必要性（2）做合格大学生的必备条件（可以德智体等方面谈）（3）我打算这样做☆Itisverynecessarytobeagooduniversitystudent.(议论体主题句)☆Thereareseveralrespectsofnecessitiestobeagooduniversitystudent.☆WhatIwilldointhefutureisthefollowing.（描述题的主题句）洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部黄保超2.写好主题句的方法①完整的句子，而不是短语：那些不能表达一个完整思想的词组或短语，不能作为段落的主题句。如：A)Worriesaboutpopulationpressure.(残缺句)B)Worriesaboutpopulationpressurearefarfromnew.（完整句）A)Howtodriveacar.(X)B)Anyonecanlearnhowtodriveacar.(√)A)Fiveeasystepsinchangingatire.(X)B)Therearefiveeasystepsinchangingatire.(√)上面三组中的Ａ句都不是完整的句子，因此都不能用作主题句。洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部黄保超②主题句必须紧扣文章的主题:文章各段的主题句应该紧紧围绕文章的中心思想，从不同的方面对文章的主题进行论述。例如下面这篇文章：POLLUTION1.Pollutionisbecomingmoreseriousallovertheworld.Partofthisproblemistheworld'sexplodingpopulation.Agrowingpopulationundoubtedlymeansmorefactoriespollutingtheair.Besides,landandwaterpollutionhasalsoincreased.Pollutionis,infact,threateningourhealth,ourhappiness,andourverycivilization.2.Peoplearenowshowingarealconcernoverthisproblem.Scientistsareurgingthatdrasticsolutionbeworkedoutbeforeitistoolate,andthepublicaredemandingthatgovernmenttakefirmactionagainstpolluters.Theearthisourhomeandwemusttakecareofit--forourselvesandforthenextgeneration.3.Fortunately,measureshavebeentakentocopewiththesituation.First,manycountriesaremakingeffortstobringdownthebirthrate.Also,newlawshavebeenpassedtoexercisestrictcontrolsoverindustrialpollutants.Inaddition,moresewagetreatmentplantsarebeingbuilt,andnewpollution-controldevicesdeveloped.Doingallthiswillenableustohaveacleanerworld.洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部黄保超③主题句要内容具体1.Takeninmoderation,alcoholisratherharmlessandisevenbeneficialinrelievingfeelingsofstress.2.Theemphasishasnotalwaysbeenthesame.3.Theemphasisonproducingwealthandmaintainingahighstandardoflivinghasnotalwaysbeenthesame.(√)(X)(√)洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部黄保超④注意选定几个关键词例如:aparagraphabouttheuseofhelicoptersincontrollingtrafficHelicopterscancontroltraffic.OrHelicoptersareusedtocontroltraffic.洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部黄保超3.主题句的写作技巧1.表示人的名词或代词主语的句子Collegestudentsshouldtakepartinsocialpracticeandgettoknowtheworld.Peopletakepartinrecreationalactivitiesbecauseofseveralreasons.Webenefitalotfromdoingparttimejobs.YoungpeopletodayarebadlyinfluencedbyTV.2.表示物的名词做主语的句子Informationplaysanindispensableroleinmodernlife.Diligenceisakeyfactortosuccess.Sportsbenefitpeopleinmanyways.Recreationalactivitiesfallintotwomajortypes.洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部黄保超3.用动名词短语来表达主题，做主语。Owningaprivatecarisveryconvenient.Keepingpetscanleadtosomeproblems.Studyingabroadbenefitsstudentsinmanyaspects.4.用“There+be+名词”句型来写主题句。Thereareseveralreasonswhyweshoulddeveloptheindustryofprivatecars.Thereareinnumerableadvantagesofkeepingpets.Therearediversesolutionstothehousingprobleminbigcities.Thereareeffectivemeasuresthatwecanadopttodealwiththeissueofrisingcrimerate.洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部黄保超5.用Itis+Adj.+forsb.todosth.句型Itisbeneficialforcollegestudentstotakepartinvarioussocialactivities.Itisnecessaryforustogettoknowaboutthesociety.Itisdesirable/advisableforyoungpeopletogoabroadtostudy.洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部黄保超4.主题句的位置主题句在段落中可以放在段首，也可以放在段中，或在段尾。作文是主观题，而且阅卷教师的时间很短，（一般1-3分钟），建议把主题句放在作文中的段首。例DruguseissowidespreadinAmericansocietythatitispartofthedailylifeofalmosteveryperson.Frombirththroughlife’sailmentstodeath,drugseaseourpainandsuffering.Formany,drugsservesuchutilitarianpurposesaskeepingusawake,helpingussleep,oreliminatingourstress.Recreationaldrugsincreaseourpleasureorsociabilityatfestiveorinformalgatherings.Wetakeourdrugsroutinelywithoutthinkingofthemasdrugs,suchaswhenwesmokecigarettesordrinkaffricatedbeverages.洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部黄保超二、扩展句e.g.Idon’tteachbecauseteachingisnoteasyforme.TeachingisthemostdifficultofthevariouswaysIhaveattemptedtoearnmyliving:includingmechanic,carpenter,andthewriter.Forme,teachingisaprofession,Red-eye,becauseIneverfeelreadytoteachnomatterhowlateIstayuppreparing.Sweaty-palm,becauseI’malwaysnervousbeforeIentertheclassroom,surethatIwillbefoundoutforthefoolthatIam.Sinking-stomach,becauseIleavetheclassroomanhourlater,convincedthatIwasevenmoreboringthanusual.1.扩展句及其特点①清晰详实②条理分明:在文章写作时，扩展句要长短适中，就学生写作而言，每句话的平均长度应最好控制在10-15个词为宜。当然，随着写作水平的提高，句子长度可相应增加。洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部黄保超2.写好扩展句的方法:扩展句的写作方法：①定义法，②分类法，③例证法，④列举法，⑤因果关系法，⑥对照比较法（类比法），⑦综合法等。1）例证法(exemplification)Thereisnothinghardintheworldforpeoplewithastrongwill.Atask,nomatterhowdifficult,canbeaccomplishedifapersonmakesuphismindtodoit.TakeRomeasanexample.ItisknownthatRomewasnotbuiltinaday.Beforeshewasbuilt,herfoundershadsufferedagreatdealofseverehardship,buttheyneverlosttheirfaithandeventuallysucceededintheirefforts.Columbus,whodiscoveredAmerica,isanotherexampleofstrongdetermination.Inspiteofdefeatandaffliction,hewentforwardandsucceededbecauseofhissinglenessofpurposeandperseverance.表示例证的方法:Forexample,forinstance,asanexample,foratypicalexample,Suchas,soon.Let’sillustr