元音和辅音的声学特征(丁红卫)

元音和辅音的声学特征1元音和辅音的声学特征Dr.HongweiDing丁红卫元音和辅音的声学特征2Introduction1.Introductiontophonetics2.Humanspeechmechanism3.Representingthesoundsofspeech4.Thelarynx,voicingandvoicequality5.Vowels6.Approximants7.Plosives8.Fricatives9.Nasals元音和辅音的声学特征31.Introductiontophonetics感觉神经说话人听话人言语链动觉神经发音肌肉反馈链环言语声波感觉神经耳耳脑语言学生理学声学生理语言学元音和辅音的声学特征41.WhatisphoneticsPhonology:StudyofsoundsystemPhonetics:Studyofthesoundsofspeech,physical,directlyobservableSometimesnotproperlyaslinguistic,becauseofphysicalmanifestation.Languageisabstract.元音和辅音的声学特征51.WhatisphoneticsSpeechcanbestudies:Articulatorphonetics(howspeechsoundsaremadeinthebody)Acousticphonetics(thephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsthataremade)Perception:(whathappenstothespeechsignaloncethesoundwavereachesthelistener‘sear)元音和辅音的声学特征62.HumanspeechmechanismComplexityofspeechsounds:Breathing:Pulmonic(肺的),Egressive(外呼的)Thelarynx(喉)andvoicing(调声):Vocalfolds,glottis(声门)Airflow:Central&lateral,Oral&nasalairflow(velum盖膜)Placeofarticulation:Bilabial,Labiodental,Dental,Alveolar,Postalveolar,Retroflex,coronal,Palatal,Velar,Uvular,Pharyngeal,Glottal,Mannerofarticulation:Stop,Fricative,Resonantarticulations元音和辅音的声学特征72.HumanspeechmechanismCross-sectionofthevocaltract元音和辅音的声学特征83.RepresentingthesoundsofspeechTwowaystorepresentanephemeral(短暂的),time-bound(时间界限的)phenomenon,sothatitisavailableinpermanentform.PhonetictranscriptionAcousticrepresentation元音和辅音的声学特征93.1AcousticPhoneticsAirflowthroughvocaltractChangesofairpressureEarspickupperturbationsEarsconvertphysicalmovementsintoelectricalsignalsElectricalsignalsaresenttobrain元音和辅音的声学特征103.1AcousticPhoneticsChangesofairpressureAcousticphoneticsStatic&unchangingpicturesWaveformsSpectrograms波形图语图元音和辅音的声学特征113.1.1WaveformandspectrogramSpectrogram:–called“voiceprints”–providemorecomplexinformationthanwaveforms元音和辅音的声学特征123.1.2TypesofsoundsFig.:ThreetypesofsoundSoundTransientPeriodicAperiodicContinuous元音和辅音的声学特征13PeriodicsoundsFig.:Word“spend”withperiodic,aperiodicandtransientsoundsVerticalstriation:OpeningofvocalfoldsDistinctformantstructure700Hz1800Hz2800Hz元音和辅音的声学特征14PeriodicsoundsFig.:ExpendedversionFundamentalfrequency(f0):–Numberofcyclespersecond,measuredinHertz(Hz)–10.5cyclesin0.1second–F0=105Hz元音和辅音的声学特征15Periodicsounds–Formant:Naturalresonanceofvocaltract–Frequenciesamplifiedaredeterminedbysizeandshapeofvocaltract–Dependsonpositionoftongue,velum,lips…Distinctformantstructure元音和辅音的声学特征16Aperiodic,continuoussounds–Norepetition–AmplitudevariesrandomlyFig.:Waveformofavoicelessfricative,/s/元音和辅音的声学特征17Transientsounds–Startof[d]–Lastslessthan30ms–Anabruptstart,thenfadesawayFig.:Transientportion(T)forinitialplosiveof‘spend’元音和辅音的声学特征183.2RepresentationinphoneticsTranscriptions:representmanyimportantdetailsofspeechofawholecommunityofspeakersAcousticrepresentations:capturedetailsandfactsaboutoneutteranceononeoccasionbyonespeaker–Subjective–Moreofa‘science’,lessofan‘art’–Lesssubjective,dependson:–thewaytheacousticsignalisprocessed–thewaythespectrogramsaredrawnPutvariousphoneticdescriptiontogether,aricherunderstandingofthenatureofhumanspeech元音和辅音的声学特征194.Thelarynx,voicingandvoicequalityVoicing:vocalfoldsvibrateVocalfolds:Locatedinlarynx4.1Productionofvoicing元音和辅音的声学特征204.Thelarynx,voicingandvoicequalityLarynxconsistsofthreemaincartilages(软骨):–Thyroid(tc甲状腺)–Cricoid(cc环状软骨)–Arytenoid(ac杓状软骨)4.1Productionofvoicing元音和辅音的声学特征214.2HowvocalfoldsvibrateVocalfoldsopen,airpassunimpeded:–VoicelessVocalfoldsvibrate:–VoicedVibrationofvocalfoldscaused:–Notonlybycommandsofbrain–ButalsobyrighttensionacrossthefoldsCycleofopeningandclosing:–Bernoullieffect伯努利效应元音和辅音的声学特征224.3FundamentalfrequencyRateofvocalfoldvibrationisaffected:–Tensionacrossthefold–AirpressurebelowthefoldPitch:–PerceptratherthanphysicaleventRelationshipbetweenpitchandfundamentalfrequency–Notlinear–ButlogarithmicLinear:differencesame100Hz-200Hz,300Hz-400HzLogarithmic:100Hz-200Hz(1:2),300Hz-400Hz(1:1.5)元音和辅音的声学特征234.3FundamentalfrequencyLowestpitch80Hz,highest585Hz,average220HzF0onalinearscale200-300-400-500元音和辅音的声学特征244.3FundamentalfrequencyLowestpitch80Hz,highest585Hz,average200HzF0onalogarithmicscale100:200=200:400=1:2元音和辅音的声学特征254.4PhrasingandIntonationFig.:hello(1),hello(2),hello(3)there元音和辅音的声学特征264.5VoicequalitySpeakerscancontrolthewayofvibration(voicequality).Speakersofcertaingroupsshareacommonvoicequality.Modalvoice:regularvibrationBreathyvoice(气化嗓音):incompleteclosureofVFCreakyvoice(紧喉音):ClosurealongVF,anopeningatthefrontendFoldsarelooselypressedtogetherIrregularvibrationWhisper:NarrowingVF,glottisnotclosed,foldsnotvibrateFalsetto(假声):AverageF0beyondnormalrangeStretchVF,glottisnotcompletelyclosed元音和辅音的声学特征274.5VoicequalityQualityofsound:calledtimbreAvoicemaysoundsharp,mellow,squeakyDifferencesofvoiceareduetofunctionaldifferencesinlarynxandvocalfoldsconsciousmodulationofthevoiceLimitsofaspeaker'spitcharedeterminedbySize,lengthandtensenessofvocalfoldsLongervocalfoldsvibrateslowerthanshorterTenserandthinnerfasterthanrelaxedandthickerThefasterthevibration,thehigherthepi