美国家庭

AmericanFamilyLifeContents•Thedefinitionoffamily•Introductionoffamily•Familystructures•FamilyevolutionThedefinitionoffamilyAccordingtotheU.S.government,afamilyisthosepeoplewholivewithotherstowhomtheyarerelatedbyblood,marriage,oradoption.Introductionoffamily•70millionfamiliesinUS.•AverysmallpercentageofAmericanhouseholdsconsistofaworkingfather,astay-at-homemother,andchildrenunder18.•About15%ofAmericanhouseholdsconsistoftwoworkingparentsandtheirchildren.•ThemajorityofAmericanhouseholdsconsistofmarriedcoupleswithoutchildren,singleparentsandtheirchildren,orunrelatedpeoplelivingtogether.•25%ofAmericanslivealone.•Averagefamilysize–3.2peopleFamilyStructures•Immediatefamily–anewoneiscreatedwhenonemarries–ifunmarried,includesparentsandsiblings–ifmarried,spouseandchildren•Extendedfamily–includesgrandparents,aunts,uncles,cousins–extendedfamilymembersusuallyliveinseparatehouseholdsFamilyTypes•Thenuclearfamilyconsistofahusband,wifeandtheirchildren,livinginahouseorapartment.•TheextendedfamilyConsistoftheimmediatefamily,andotherrelativesconnectedbybloodormarriage.•One-parent/single-parentfamily•Blendedfamily•Homosexualfamily•DinkfamilyFamilyMemembers•Typically,thefamilygroupthatoccupiesonehouseholdconsistsofparentsandtheirunmarriedchildren.•Middle-agedandelderlypeoplegenerallydonotlivewiththeirmarriedchildren.Manyfamiliesstilllivebytheoldprinciplethatfather'swordislaw.Inmanyothers,Fatherisrarelyhomewhenthechildrenareawake,and,asfarasthechildrenareconcerned,motheristhedominantpersonalityandmajordecisionmaker.Theroleofmanandwomaninafamily•Man:“breadwinner”—responsibleforfinancialsupportofthehomeandfamilymembers.•Woman:housewife—responsibleforemotionalsupport,childraising,andhousekeeping.•Changes:workingmothers,househusbandsLivingSituation•Aboutthree-fourthsofAmericanfamiliesliveinareasclassifiedasurban,lessthan5percentofAmericansliveonfarms,butsmalltownlivingisstillwidespread.AgreaternumberofAmericansliveinsuburbs(about37percentofthepopulation)thanincities(about31percent).Mobilehomes•Morethan7millionAmericansliveinmobilehomes(oncecalledhousetrailers).Mobilehomesarelivingquartersbuiltwithwheels.Theycanbemoved,butgenerallytheyarebroughttoasitethatisintendedtobemoreorlesspermanent.Thenthewheelsareremoved,andthehomeisfastenedtotheground.•Becausetheycostmuchlessthanconventionalhomes,mobilehomesareespeciallypopularamongyoungcouplesandelderlyretiredcouples.Familyreletionship•Thechildren•LoveandMarriageThechildren•Americanchildrenhavebeenexpectedto“leavethenest”ataboutage18,aftertheygraduatefromhighschool.•Bytheirmid-twenties,ifchildrenarestilllivingwiththeirparents,peoplewouldsuspectthatsomethingiswrong.•Today,anumberofyoungpeopleareunabletofindjobs,andchoosetomovebackinwiththeirparents.Theseyoungpeoplearesometimescalled“boomerangkids”.Thechildren•Intheprocessoftheirsocializationchildrenlearnto“lookoutfornumberone”andto“standontheirowntwofeet”.•Manychildrenaretaughtataveryearlyagetomakedecisionsandberesponsiblefortheiractions.Oftenchildrenworkformoneyoutsidethehomeasafirststeptoestablishingautonomy.•Receivingaweeklyallowanceatanearlyageteacheschildrentobudgettheirmoney,preparingthemforfuturefinancialindependence.LoveandMarriage•Parentsdonotarrangemarriagesfortheirchildren,nordochildrenusuallyaskpermissionoftheirparentstogetmarried.•RomanticloveismostoftenthebasisformarriageintheUnitedStates;youngadultsmeettheirfuturespousesthroughotherfriends,atschool,atjobs,andinorganizationsandreligiousinstitutions.Love,Self-relianceandIndependence•Aparentmaytrytoinfluenceachildtofollowaparticularprofessionbutthechildisfreetochooseanothercareer.•Sometimeschildrendopreciselytheoppositeofwhattheirparentswishinordertoasserttheirindependence.IdealoftheAmericanFamily•Groupcooperationinhelpingeachmembertoachieveindividualhappiness•Familyisseenasarefuge,whereonecanrelaxandbeoneselfTheAmericanconceptofthefamilyandmarriageTheContemporaryAmericanMarriageThewoman’sliberationmovementchangedattitudesandbehaviorforever.Mostyoungerwomentodayarenotcontenttobefull-timehomemakersoracceptasubmissive(顺从的)roleinmarriage.•Sharemoney-making•Sharehousekeepingresponsibilities•Sharedecision-making2012/5/2622Familyconcept•Americanfamilyvaluescanbesummarizedas:personalindependence,individualrights,freedomandequality.•Americansfocusonthefamilyandequalityamongfamilymembers.EvolutionofAmericanfamilies•1、TheindustrializationAmericanfamily•Familystructure：扩大家庭（extendedfamily）：Multigenerational,largefamilysize,highfertility.•Therelationshipbetweenfamilymembersisinthecenterofpatriarchy.•Marriagefoundation：mainmaterialthing,thewilloftheparents,economicconditionsandreligious.ModernAmericanFamily•urbanhouseholdsisthetypicalformsofthemodernAmericanfamily.•thechildren'sfamilyeducationfunctionisreplacedbytheschool.•Corefamilyismainform,andDinkFamilyappeared.Afterenteringthe1960s,Americanvaluestendtobeindividualismandsexualopenness,andwiththedevelopmentofanti-traditional,anti-rationalandtheriseofthefeministmovement,theAmericannuclearfamilyhassufferedtremendously,familystructureandmarria