江南大学-考博英语真题-汇总

2007年秋季博士学位研究生入学考试题考试科目：101英语（A）考生注意事项：1.PaperOne的答案全部做在答题卡上，否则不计分。2.试卷类型统一划“A”。3.准考证号码前六位为“000000”，后三位为考生的考试序号。4.PaperTwo的答案做在答题纸上，否则不计分。PaperOne(90MINS.)PartI.ReadingComprehension(50%)Text1:Neuroscienceshowsthatthesoulistheactivityofthebrain.Everyeveningoureyestellusthatthesunsets,whileweknowthat,infact,theEarthisturningusawayfromit.Astronomytaughtuscenturiesagothatcommonsenseisnotareliableguidetoreality.Todayitisneurosciencethatisforcingustoreadjustourintuitions.PeoplenaturallybelieveintheGhostintheMachine:thatwehavebodiesmadeofmatterandspiritsmadeofanetherealthing.Yes,peopleacknowledgethatthebrainisinvolvedinmentallife.ButtheystillthinkofitasapocketPCforthesoul,managinginformationatthebehestofaghostlyuser.Modemneurosciencehasshownthatthereisnouser.“Thesoul”is,infact,theinformation-processingactivityofthebrain.Newimagingtechniqueshavetiedeverythoughtandemotiontoneuralactivity.Andanychangetothebrain—fromstrokes,drugs,electricityorsurgery—willliterallychangeyourmind.Butthisunderstandinghasn’tpenetratedtheconventionalwisdom.Wetellpeopleto“usetheirbrains,”wespeculateaboutbraintransplants(whichreallyshouldbecalledbodytransplants)andweexpressastonishmentthatmeditation,educationandpsychotherapycanactuallychangethebrain,Howelsecouldtheywork?Thisresistanceisnotsurprising.In“Descartes’Baby,”psychologistPaulBloomarguesthatamind-bodydistinctionisbuiltintotheverywaywethink.Childreneasilyacceptstoriesinwhichapersonchangesfromafrogtoaprince,orleavesthebodytogowherethewildthingsare.Andthoughkidsknowthebrainisusefulforthinking,theydenythatitmakesthemfeelsadorlovetheirsiblings.Thedisconnectbetweenourcommonsenseandourbestscienceisnotanacademiccuriosity.Neuroscienceisputtingusinunfamiliarpredicaments,andifwecontinuetothinkofourselvesasshadowyusersofourbrainswewillbeneedlesslybefuddled.TheProzacrevolutionprovidesanexample.Withantidepressantandanti-anxietydrugssocommon,criticswonderwhetherwe’relosingtheabilitytoovercomeproblemsthroughforceofwill.Manyanuncomprehendingspousehasasked,“Whydon’tyoujustsnapoutofit?”Butdepressedpeopledon’thavelazysouls.Thepartsoftheirbrainsthatcould“snapoutofit”arenotworkingproperly.Todepressedpeopleitisobjectivelyobviousthattheirprospectsarehopeless.Tweakingthebrainwithdrugsmaysometimesbethebestwaytojumpstartthemachinerythatwecallthewill.Prozacshouldn’tbedispensedlikemints,ofcourse,butthereasonisnotthatitunderminesthewill.Thereasonisthatemotionalpain,likephysicalpain,isnotalwayspathological.Anxietyisanimpetustoavoidinvisiblethreats,andmostofuswouldnevermeetadeadlinewithoutit.Lowmoodmayhelpusrecalibrateourprospectsafteradamagingloss.Butjustassurgeonsdon'tforcepatientstoendureagonytoimprovetheircharacters,peopleshouldn’tbeforcedtoendureanxietyordepressionbeyondwhat’sneededtopromptself-examination.Tomany,thescariestprospectismedicationthatcanmakeusbetterthanwellbyenhancingmood,memoryandattention.Suchdrugs,theysay,willunderminestrivingandsacrifice;theyareakindofcheating,likegivingthesoulacorkedbat.Butanythingthatimprovesourfunctioning—frompracticeandeducationtoagoodnight'ssleepandadoubleespresso—changesthebrain.Aslongaspeoplearenotcoerced,it'sunclearwhyweshouldtolerateeverymethodofbrainenrichmentbutone.InGalileo’stime,thecounter-intuitivediscoverythattheEarthmovedaroundthesunwasladenwithmoraldanger.Nowitseemsobviousthatthemotionofrockandgasinspacehasnothingtodowithrightandwrong.Yettomanypeople,thediscoverythatthesoulistheactivityofthebrainisjustasfraught,withperniciousimplicationsforeverythingfromcriminalresponsibilitytoourimageofourselvesasaspecies.Turningbacktheclockontheultimateformofself-knowledgeisneitherpossiblenordesirable.Wecanlivewiththenewchallengesfrombrainscience.Butitwillrequiresettingasidechildlikeintuitionsandtraditionaldogmas,andthinkingafreshaboutwhatmakespeoplebetteroffandworseoff.1.Accordingtothepassage,theconventionalwisdombelievesthat________.A.medicationcanchangethebrainB.thesoulistheinformation-processingactivityofthebrainC.thebrainisusedtothink,whilethesoulcontrolsemotionsD.thereisnodistinctionbetweenmindandbody2.WhichofthefollowingaboutthedepressionisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?A.Peoplecanovercomedepressionthroughforceofwill.B.Peopleareunabletoovercomedepressionbythemselves.C.Depressionisadiseasecausedbythemalfunctionofthebrain.D.Drugsareperhapsthebestsolutiontodepression.3.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutanxietyaccordingtothepassage?A.Anxietyiscausedbymentaldisorder.B.Anxietyinmoderationishelpfultohumanbeings.C.Enduringanxietyistheexerciseofone’spowerofwill.D.Whentakingexaminations,studentsshouldn’tfeelanxious.4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasamethodthatimprovesthefunctionofthebrain?A.Medication.B.Goodsleep.C.Education.D.Surgery.5.Thepassagecanbebesttitledas____.A.AnxietyB.TheProzacRevolutionC.TheMind-bodyDistinctionD.HowtoThinkAbouttheMindText2:TheUnitedNationsConferenceonDrugAbusethattookplaceearlierthisyearinVienna,wasaveryproductivemeeting.Asneverbefore,thenationsoftheworlddemonstratedawillingnesstoputasideideologicalandindividualdifferencestoconfr