绿色开采定量分析与深部仿生绿色开采模式

　第44卷第11期煤　　炭　　学　　报Vol.44　No.11　　2019年11月JOURNALOFCHINACOALSOCIETYNov.　2019　移动阅读张建民,李全生,曹志国,等.绿色开采定量分析与深部仿生绿色开采模式[J].煤炭学报,2019,44(11):3281-3294.doi:10.13225/j.cnki.jccs.2019.0321ZHANGJianmin,LIQuansheng,CAOZhiguo,etal.Quantitativeanalysisofgreen-mininganddeepbionic-green-miningmodel[J].JournalofChinaCoalSociety,2019,44(11):3281-3294.doi:10.13225/j.cnki.jccs.2019.0321绿色开采定量分析与深部仿生绿色开采模式张建民1,李全生1,2,曹志国1,2,郭洋楠1,郭俊亭1(1.煤炭开采水资源保护与利用国家重点实验室,北京　100021;2.国家能源投资集团有限责任公司,北京　100021)摘　要:绿色开采是煤炭规模化开采向现代生态文明开采的技术跨越,绿色开采水平的科学评价则是建立适用绿色开采模式与实践效果检验的重要方法。研究基于前人成果分析,试图从生态学视角将传统的采矿系统与生态系统相融合构建采矿生态系统,采用物理模型构建、数学模型分析和实例验证方法,分析开采扰动时系统受损状态和生态损伤程度,构建生态损伤和绿色开采分析模型,定量评价绿色开采水平和效果,参考西部深部开采环境特点和采动生态响应特征,建立适用的绿色开采模式,为西部矿区探索适用的绿色开采解决方案提供有效途径。研究基于采矿生态系统,提出描述开采“激励”作用下生态损伤的4个因子和16个主要参数,系统内3类要素组(采动覆岩、地下水系统、地表生态)的4种耦合关系(应力耦合、水-岩耦合、水-土耦合、辐射耦合)和生态损伤的系统外传导效应,提出描述生态系统原态与受损状态相对变化关系的“生态损伤系数”;绿色开采本质是通过控制开采激励的生态响应水平实现“减损”和近零排放的先进开采方式,参照生态系统原态提出开采“绿度”指标度量开采扰动下自然稳定的生态系统原态保持水平,基于生态损伤系数建立了绿度定量分析模型和绿色开采水平比较模型;建立了绿色开采模型,分析了开采工艺参数、地下水系统保护和地表生态修复方法的绿度贡献水平,发现控制导水裂隙带高度、矿井水涌出量和含水层保护、近零排放等途径对开采绿度贡献相对较大;采用“递进式”优化的绿色开采方法与安全高效开采模式对比,地下水系统减损对提升绿色开采水平相对贡献更大;处于西部生态脆弱区的神东矿区分析显示,大柳塔矿、上湾矿、榆家梁矿等优于全区平均绿色开采水平,地下水系统减损是提升绿色开采水平的瓶颈;按照“源头减损与过程控制”思路,着力“降高、减失、快治、零排”,建立以“仿生”开采工艺为核心、非连续开采充填、含水层渗流隔离、煤矿地下水库储水、地表生态分区治理技术协同且精准控制开采过程的深部仿生绿色开采模式。关键词:采矿生态系统;生态损伤系数;绿度;绿色开采水平;深部开采;仿生开采模式中图分类号:TD82　　　文献标志码:A　　　文章编号:0253-9993(2019)11-3281-14收稿日期:2019-03-04　　修回日期:2019-07-24　　责任编辑:韩晋平　　基金项目:国家重点研发计划资助项目(2016YFC0600708)　　作者简介:张建民(1957—),男,河北张家口人,教授级高级工程师。Tel:[phone],E-mail:[e-mail]fgreen-mininganddeepbionic-green-miningmodelZHANGJianmin1,LIQuansheng1,2,CAOZhiguo1,2,GUOYangnan1,GUOJunting1(1.StateKeyLaboratoryofCoalMiningandWaterResourcesProtectionandUtilization,Beijing　100021,China;2.NationalEnergyInvestmentGroupCorpo-ration,Beijing　100021,China)Abstract:Greenminingisatechnologicalleapfromalarge-scalecoalminingtoamoderncoalminingwithecologicalconsideration.Scientificevaluationofgreenmininglevelisanimportantmethodforfindingafeasiblegreenmining煤　　炭　　学　　报2019年第44卷modelandtestingitspracticaleffect.Aftertheanalysisofpredecessors’researchresults,aminingecosystemiscon-structedbyintegratingtraditionalecosystemandminingsystem,fromanecologicalperspective.Usingphysicalmodelconstruction,mathematicalmodelanalysisandcasevalidation,thedamagestatusofecosystemandthedegreeofeco-logicaldamageareanalyzed.Subsequently,theecologicaldamageanalysismodelandgreenminingmodelareconstruc-tedforafurtherquantitativelyevaluationofthegreenmininglevelanditseffect.Referringtotheenvironmentalchar-acteristicsofdeepmininginWesternChina,thesuitablegreenminingmodelwouldbeexploredbasedontheecologi-calresponseleveltomining,whichprovidesaneffectivewayforexploringsuitablegreenminingsolutions.Adoptingtheminingecosystemconcept,4factorsand16mainparametersareproposedasdescribingecologicaldamageundermining“incentive”.Theycouldbedescribedasthreefactors(miningoverburden,groundwatersystemandsurfacee-cology)ofthesystemandfourcouplingrelationships(stresscoupling,water-rockcoupling,water-soilcoupling,radia-tioncoupling)andtheexternalconductionofdamageeffectsofthreefactors.The“eco-damagecoefficient”isprelimi-narilyintroducedtoestimatetherelativechangebetweentheinitialstateandthedamagedstateofecosystem.Thees-senceofgreenminingisanadvancedminingmethodthatcanachieve“damagereduction”andnearzeroemissionsbycontrollingtheecologicalresponselevelofminingincentives.The“greendegree”fordescribingtheecosystem’spost-miningstateisraisedfortheecosystem’smeasurementofthechangeleveloftheoriginalstablestateunderminingdisturbance.Basedonthegreenminingmethodsandthecouplingrelationships,aquantitativeanalysismodelofgreen-nessisestablished.Theecologicaldamagedegreeandgreennesscontributionlevelofminingprocessparameters,groundwatersystemprotectionandsurfaceecologicalrestorationmethodsareanalyzed.Itisfoundthatcontrollingtheheightofwater-conductingfissurezone,minewateroutflow,aquiferprotectionandnear-zerodischargecontributerela-tivelymuchtothegreennessofmining.Comparingthe“progressive”greenminingmethodwiththesafeandefficientminingmode,thelevelofgreenminingisgraduallyimproved,andthegroundwatersystemprotectioncontributesmoretopromotingthelevelofgreenmining.TheanalysisofShendongminingarea,inwesternecologicallyfragilearea,showsadifferentgreennesslevelinwhichDaliuta,ShangwanandYujialiangMinearesuperiortotheaveragelevelofthewholearea,provingtheprotectionofgroundwatersystemisthebottleneckofimprovingthegreenmininglevel.Ac-cordingtotheideaof“sourcedamagereductionandminingprocesscontrol”,thegreenminingmodeshouldfocuson“heightreduction,water-lossreduction,quicktreatmentandzerodischarge”.Adeepbionicgreenminingmodeises-tablished,thattakesthebionicminingtechnologyasthecore,containingdiscontinuousfillingmining,aquiferisolation,waterstorageinmineundergroundreservoirs,andsurfaceecologicalzoningtreatmenttechnology,fordeepmining.Keywords:miningecosystems;ecologicaldamagecoefficient;greendegree;greenmininglevel;deepmining;bionicminingmode　　针对我国煤炭规模化开采引发的生态环境问题,如何