大学英语主谓一致与虚拟语气

一.主谓一致时刻回想自己从开始备考到今天这一路，不管是辛酸也好、快乐也罢，都既往不咎，十二月我们更应该有万物沉淀的气定神闲，经得起周边环境的骚扰，受得了心理上的孤独寂寞。加油，亲们！如果问你成功的人一般都具有什么特质，你会怎么回答？答案有很多，但相信每一个成功的人，都具有一个相同的品质，那就是懂得坚持。2013年最后一个月，请不抛弃、不放弃，因为，希望就在前方。Worryingisawasteoftime;itdoesn'tchangeanything,itjustmesseswithyourmindandstealsyourhappiness.Ifyoufindapathwithnoobstacles,itprobablydoesn'tleadanywhere.1.语法一致语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。主单，谓单；主复，谓复；不可数名词用单Eg.Thereislittlewaterinthethermos.!注意但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。Eg.Largequantitiesoftimeareneeded.单复数的区分用法。1）如果主语是morethanone…或manya…构成，谓语动词用单数。Eg.Manyagirllikesthismovie.Eg.Morethanonestudenthaspassedtheexam.注意如果主语是“morethan+复数”或者“more+复+thanone”+复Eg.Morethan30studentshavepassedtheexam.Eg.Morestudentsthanonewereabsent.2）anumberof,avarietyof,agroupof修饰名词作主语，谓复。而thenumberof,thevarietyof,theamountof,thequantityof修饰名词作主语，谓单。Eg.Anumberofstudentsarehavingclassnow.Eg.Thequantityofbooksinthelibraryisgreat.3)Oneof谓复theonlyoneof谓单Eg.Thisisoneofthebestmoviesthathavebeenonthisyear.Eg.SheistheonlyoneofthestudentswhoisgoodatFrenchinourclass.4）并列结构作主语时谓语动词的数并列结构作主语时谓语用复数,用and或bothand连接并列主语，谓复Eg.TomandJimaregoodfriends.注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词Eg.Thepoetandwriterisfamous.and连接的并列名词词组带有each,every,manya等限定词时，其后的谓语用单数。Eg.Everymanandeverywomanlikesthisbuilding.补充：代词each以及由every,some,no,any等构成的复合代词作主语时，或主语中含有each,every时,谓语需用单数。Eg.Eachofushasamobilephone.2.意义一致1.数词表示时间，距离，温度，重量，价格等的名词作主语表示总和作整体时，谓语动词用单。Eg.Sixtydollarsisneeded.注意•主语是“onein/oneoutof+ns”，用作单数。2.集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family,audience,crew,crowd,class,company,committee等词后，谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时强调该集体的整体。例如：Eg.Thebasketballteamconsistsoftenplayers,nowtheteamarehavinglunch.Oneintenstudentshasfailedtheexam.小试一练Threehours______enoughforustofinishthetask.a.areb.hasc.isd.were.Thebasketballteamconsistsoftenplayers,nowtheteamarehavinglunch.注意1))有些集体名词如police,people,militia,cattle,youth等作主语时谓语动词通常用复数。Eg.Thepolicearediscussinginthemeetingroom.Eg.Arethereanycattleinthefarm？2))某些集体名词作单数使用foliage,machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandiseEg.AllthefurnitureinthefactoryismadeinChina.3.单、复数同形的名词主语时,要根据意义决定谓语的形式。这类名词有：means（方法），works（工厂,作品），species（种类）等。Eg.Thewaterworksisnearthecity.Eg.Everymeanshasbeentried.注意英语中某些以ics结尾的名词，如physics物理学,mathematics,mechanics,optics光学,acoustics,politics,statistics,economics,linguistics,athletics体育,tactics用兵学等，如果表示学科，则用单数，但是，如果这些名词表示实际内容时，则用复数。Eg.Statisticsisasubjectthatisdifficulttolearn.Eg.Statisticsshowthatabout60%studentsinChinawearglasses.Theacousticsinthenewconcerthallarefaultless.Acousticsisthescienceofsound.•以-s结尾的地理名词指国名，作单数；指群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等作复数。Eg.TheUnitedStatesisacountryoflargepeople.Eg.TheHimalayashaveamagnificentvarietyofplantandanimallife.•成双成对的名词,作复数shoes,trousers,pants,clothes,gloves,shorts,pajamas,jeans,slacks,suspenders,chopsticks,scissors,glasses,pincers,tongs,pliers,scales,sunglasses,shears,spectacles,compasses等。注意：但如果主语由akindof,apairof等修饰时，谓语动词一般用单数。Onepairofscissorsisn’tenough.Therearetwopairsofshoesinthebox.3.就近原则与就远原则所谓就近/就远原则是指句子的主语结构很复杂时,如何判断句子谓语的数的问题.1.就近原则谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语（主要指名词）的单复数形式。符合这条规则的结构主要有Therebe,either…or…,neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…,nor…or...Eg.Neitherthestudentsnortheteacheristoattendthemeeting.Eg.Thereisanapple,twobottlesandthreebooksonthedesk.There___twobottles,anappleandthreebooksonthedesk.2.就远原则即谓语动词的单复数形式取决于距离它较远的词语（主要指名词）的单复数形式。n+with,togetherwith,alongwith,combinewith,aswellas,ratherthan,but,except,besides,nolessthanEg.Lucyaswellasherfriends,wasinvitedtothepartyNobodybuttwostudentsisintheclassroom.主谓一致练习1.Politics____oneofthesubjectsthatIstudy.A.IsB.areC.wasD.were2.Thecommittee______overtheproblemamongthemselvesfortwohours.A.arguedB.hadarguedC.hasbeenarguingD.havebeenarguing3.Eachstudents____gotanEnglish–Chinesedictionary.Itmeansthatthestudentseach____adictionary.A.have;hasB.have;haveC.has;hasD.has;have虚拟语气虚拟语气概念虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟语气在条件句中应用比较多。•条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。虚拟条件句（if）主句与现在事实相反的假设if+主语+动词的过去式（动词be用were）Eg.Iftheywerehere,theywouldhelpus.主语+would,should,could,might+doEg.IfIknewhistelephonenumber,Iwouldtellyou.注意!条件句中的谓语动词为be时，不管主语是单数还是复数，书面语中一般都用were,“ifIwereyou...”与过去相反的假设if+主语+had+过去分词Eg.Iftheyhadworkedharder,theywouldhavepassedtheexam.主语+would,should,could,might+havedoneEg.Ifhehadtakenmyadvice,hewouldnothavemadesuchamistake.与将来相反的假设if+主语+动词的过去式if+主语+wereto+动词原形If+主语+should+动词原形Eg.Ifyouweretosucceed,everythingwouldbeallright.主语+would,should,could,might+doEg.．Ifheshouldcomeheretomorrow,Iwouldtalktohim.对将来情况的虚拟，也就是与将来的事实相反，条件句中的谓语动词可以用shoulddo,weretodo,did三种表现形式表示，但意义略有不同。should表示的可能性最大、动词过去式did的可能性次之，weretodo的可能性最小，所以大部分时候我们用weretodo，表示基本无法实现。错综条件句有时，主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，主句从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这种条件句叫做错综条件句。分为时间错综和真假错综.Eg.Ifyouhadfollowedmyadvice,youwouldbebetternow.Eg.Iftheyhadinformedus,wewouldnotcomeherenow.IfIhadhadmoretime,Iwouldhavebeentotheparty,butIwasbusythewholelastweek.if条件句的倒装在虚拟条件句中，如果把连词if省去，再把were,should或had移到从句的句首，实行倒装。Eg.Shouldheagreetogothere,wewouldsendhimthere.Eg.Hadyoucomeearlier,youwouldha