高级英语写作6

development•positive•Eliminatepoverty•Preserveoldbuildings•Adoptahealthylifestyle•Offer/afford/createemploymentopportunities•Slowdownthepaceoflife•Ease/relievetrafficcongestion•Increase/expanddomesticdemand•Contributetopublicinterest•Upgradeone’sskills•Respectelderlypeople•negative•Expandthegapbetweenthewealthyandtheneedy•Remove/demolisholdbuildings•Followanunhealthylifestyle•Reduceemploymentopportunities•Speedup/accelerate/quickenthepaceoflife•Worsen/exacerbatetrafficcongestion•Reduceconsumption•Seek/pursuefameandwealth•Resistchange•Disrespectseniors•FundamentalSkillsofEnglishWriting•Inthisperiod,we’lldiscusshowtodevelopthewriting.Usuallywehavethefollowingways.•1．列举法(details)•作者运用列举法，是通过列举一系列的论据对topicsentence中摆出的论点进行广泛、全面地陈述或解释，列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性、时间、空间等进行。•YesterdaywasoneofthoseawfuldaysformewheneverythingIdidwentwrong.First,Ididn'thearmyalarmclockandarrivedlateforwork.Then,Ididn'treadmydiaryproperlyandforgottogettoanimportantmeetingwithmyboss.Duringthecoffeebreak,Idroppedmycoffeecupandspoiltmynewskirt.Atlunchtime,Ileftmypurseonabusandlostallthemoneythatwasinit.Afterlunch,mybosswasangrybecauseIhadn'tgonetothemeeting.ThenIdidn'tnoticeasignonadoorthatsaidWetPaintandsoIspoiltmyjackettoo.WhenIgothomeIcouldn'tgetintomyflatbecauseIhadleftmykeyinmyoffice.SoIbrokeawindowtogetinandcutmyhand.•根据本段主题句中的关键词组everythingIdidwentwrong，作者列举了8点内容，分别由first,then,duringthecoffeebreak,afterlunchtime等连接词语引出，使得该文条理清楚、脉络分明、内容连贯。•tobeginwith，then，furthermore，finally.tostartwith，next，inaddition，finallyfirstandforemost，besides，lastbutnotleast•mostimportantofall，moreover，finally•attheoutset,followingthis,subsequently•2.举例法(example)•作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容，严格地讲，举例法也是列举法的一种，它们的区别在于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者观点，且事例可多可少。我们来看下面这个用举例法展开的段落。•Therearemanydifferentformsofexercisestosuitdifferenttastes.Forexample,thosewhoenjoycompetitivesportsmaytakeupballgames.Foranotherexample,iftheyprefertoexercisealone,theycanhavearunortakeawalkinthemorningorintheevening.Besides,peoplecangoswimminginthesummerandgoskatinginthewinter.Inshort,nomatterwhattheirinterestsare,peoplecanalwaysfindmorethanonesportsthataresuitabletothem.•本段采用了三个事例来说明主题句中的关键词组differentformsofexercises，这三个例子分别由连接词forexample,foranotherexample和besides引出，最后由引导的结尾句总结全段内容。举例法中常用的连接词有：forexample(instance),oneexampleis,besides,furthermore,moreover,inaddition,acaseinpointis…等。•3.叙述法(narration)•叙述法发展段落主要是按照事物本身的时间或空间的排列顺序，通过对一些特有过渡连接词的使用，有层次分步骤地表达主题句的一种写作手段。用这种方法展开段落，作者能够清楚连贯地交待事物的本末，从而可以使读者可以清晰、完整地理解文章的含义，例如：•Intheflatopposite,awomanheardthenoiseoutside.Whenshelookedoutthroughthewindow,shediscoveredthatherneighborwasthreatenedbysomeone.Sheimmediatelycalledthepolicestation.Inanswertothecall,apatrolpolicecararrivedatthesceneofthecrimequickly.Threepolicemenwentinsidetheflatatonce,andothersguardedoutsidethebuildingtopreventanyonefromescaping.•这段是按照事物发展的先后顺序，叙述从发现案情、报警、到警察赶到、包围现场的过程。全文脉络清晰，叙述的层次感强，结构紧凑。常用于叙述法中的过渡连接词有：first,atthebeginning,tostartwith,afterthat,later,then,afterwards,intheend,finally等。•4．对比法或比较法(comparison&contrast)•将同类的事物按照某种特定的规则进行比较分析是一种常用的思维方法。通过对比，更容易阐述所述对象之间的异同和优缺点，例如：Theheartofanelectroniccomputerliesinitsvacuumtubes,ortransistors.Itselectroniccircuitsworkathousandtimesfasterthanthenicercellsinthehumanbrain.Aproblemthatmighttakeahumanbeingalongtimetosolvecanbesolvedbyacomputerinoneminute.在这段文字上，作者为了突出电子计算机运行速度之快，首先将它与人脑进行了比较，“--athousandtimesfasterthan--”;而后，又将这一概念具体到了“aproblem”上，通过对比使读者从“--alongtime--inoneminute”上有更加直观的认识。•Tocomparedifferentarguments(不同论点的比较)•1.他们的对比异常鲜明．•Thereisastrikingcontrastbetweenthem.•2.持第一种看法的人坚持．．，他们认为．．是．．相反，持第二种看法的人相信．．．•Thosewhoholdthefirstopinioninsistthat…,theyregard…as….Incontrast,thosewhoholdthesecondviewbelievethat…•３.每当谈论这种现象时，绝大多数人都赞同，但是并不是所有的人都认可．•Whentalkingaboutthisphenomenon,vastmajorityofuswouldtakeapositiveattitude.Noteveryone,however,sharesthispointofview.•４.尽管人们普遍相信…但是最近的研究却表明…•Althoughthepopularbeliefisthat…,acurrentstudyindicatesthat…•５.当谈论．．时，我们必须面临．．的抉择．在作出正确的选择之前，最好做一个密切的比较．•Whenwetalkabout…,wewillbefacedwiththechoicebetween….Beforemakingtherightchoice,wehadbettermakeaclosecomparisonofthem.•6.有些人喜好．．．而其他的人则偏爱．．•Somepeopleprefer…,whileothersfeelinclinedto…•7.尽管越来越多的人相信．．还是有人坚持认为．．•Althoughmoreandmorepeoplecometobelieve…,therearestillotherswhoinsistthat…•8.有人认为．．有人认为．．还有人认为．．．•Somepeoplebelieve…,othersmaintain…,stillothersclaim…•9.有人认为．．比．．好的多，但是其他人则不赞成．•Somepeopleclaimthat…issuperiorto….Others,however,disagreewithit.•10.另一方面,…比…更有优势/更有分量•Ontheotherhand,theadvantagesof…carrymoreweightthanadvantagesof…•11认为…似乎是有道理的，但是仔细分析一下这个论点却发现它不是以事实为根据的．•Itseemsreasonabletoassumethat……,however，acloseexaminationoftheargumentdisclosesitisnotborneoutbyfacts.•12.再也没有比持…观点更无知的了．•Andnothingissoignorantastheviewthat…••5．分类法(classification)•在阐述某一概念的段落中，常用分类法。通过对概念中所包括的事物进行分门别类，分别加以叙述，使读者有更为清晰的认识，如：•Eversincehumanshavelivedontheearth,theyhavemadeuseofvariousformsofcommunication.Generally,thisexpressionofthoughtsandfeelingshasbeenintheformoforalspeech.Whenthereisalanguagebarrier,communicationisaccomplishedthroughsignlanguageinwhichmotionssta