1492Ch23

Manahan,StanleyE.TOXICOLOGICALCHEMISTRYOFCHEMICALSUBSTANCESEnvironmentalChemistryBocaRaton:CRCPressLLC,200023TOXICOLOGICALCHEMISTRYOFCHEMICALSUBSTANCES____________________________________________________23.1.INTRODUCTIONToxicologicalchemistry,definedanddiscussedinChapter22,centersontherelationshipbetweenthechemicalnatureoftoxicantsandtheirtoxicologicaleffects.Thischapterdiscussesthisrelationshipwithregardtosomeofthemajorpollutantsandhazardoussubstances.Thefirstsectiondealswithtoxicologicalaspectsofelements(particularlyheavymetals)thepresenceofwhichinacompoundfrequentlymeansthatthecompoundistoxic.Italsodiscussesthetoxicitiesofsomecommonlyusedelementalforms,suchasthechemicallyuncombinedelementalhalogens.Thefollowingsectiondiscussesthetoxicologicalchemistryofinorganiccompounds,manyofwhichareproducedfromindustrialprocesses.Italsoprovidesabriefdiscussionoforganometalliccompounds.Thelastsectiondealswiththetoxicologyoforganiccompounds.Thetoxicologicalpropertiesofhydrocarbonsandoxygen-containingorganiccompoundsarediscussedaswellasotherorganicsubstancescontainingfunctionalgroups,suchasalcoholsandketones.Thissectionalsodiscussesthetoxicitiesoforganicnitrogen,halide,sulfur,andphosphorouscompounds,someofwhichareusedaspesticidesormilitarypoisons.ATSDRToxicologicalProfilesAveryusefulsourceofinformationaboutthetoxicologicalchemistryofvariouskindsoftoxicsubstancesispublishedbytheU.S.DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices,PublicHealthServiceAgencyforToxicSubstancesandDiseaseRegistryASTDR’sToxicologicalProfiles.ThesedetaileddocumentsareavailableonCD-ROM.1ThesubstancescoveredaregiveninTable23.1.©2000CRCPressLLCTable23.1.MaterialsListedbyATSDR1Acetone1,2-DibromoethaneNaphthaleneAcrolein1,4-DichlorobenzeneNickelAcrylonitrile3,3’-DichlorobenzidineNitrobenzeneAldrin/Dieldrin1,1-Dichloroethane2-Nitrophenol/Alpha-,Beta-,Gamma-1,2-Dichloroethane4-NitrophenolandDelta-Hexachloro-1,1-DichloroetheneOttoFuelscyclohexane1,2-DichloroethenePentachlorophenolAluminum1,3-DichloropropenePhenolAmmoniaDiethylPhthalatePlutoniumArsenic1,3-Dinitrobenzene/PolybrominatedAsbestos1,3,5-TrinitrobenzeneBiphenylsAutomotiveGasolineDinitrocresolsPolychlorinatedBariumDinitrophenolsBiphenylsBenzene2,4-Dinitrotoluene/PolycyclicAromaticBenzidine2,6-DinitrotolueneHydrocarbons(PAH’s)Beryllium1,2-DiphenylhydrazineRadonBis(2-Chloroethyl)EtherDisulfotonRDXBoronEndosulfanSeleniumBromomethaneEndrinSilver1,3-ButadieneEthylbenzeneStoddardSolvent2-ButanoneEthyleneGlycoland1,1,2,2-TetrachloroethaneCadmiumPropyleneGlycolTetrachloroethyleneCarbonDisulfideFluorides,HydrogenTetrylCarbonTetrachlorideFluoride,andFluorineThalliumChlordaneFuelOilsThoriumChlorobenzeneHeptachlor/HeptachlorTinChlorodibenzofuransEpoxideTitaniumTetrachlorideChloroethaneHexachlorobenzeneTolueneChloroformHexachlorobutadieneToxapheneChloromethane2-Hexanone1,1,1-TrichloroethaneChlorpyrifosHydraulicFluids1,1,2-TrichloroethaneChromiumIsophoroneTrichloroethyleneCoalTarPitch,andJetFuels(Jp4AndJp7)2,4,6-TrichlorophenolCoalTarPitchVolatilesLead2,4,6-TrinitrotolueneCobaltManganeseUraniumCopperMercuryUsedMineral-BasedCresols:o-Cresol,p-MethoxychlorCrankcaseOilCresol,m-CresolMethylParathionVanadiumCyanideMethylTert-ButylEtherVinylAcetate4,4’-Ddt,4,4’-Dde,4,4’-Ddd4,4’-Methylenebis-(2-VinylChlorideDi(2-Ethylhexyl)PhthalateChloroaniline)(MBOCA)WhitePhosphorusDi-N-ButylphthalateMethyleneChlorideWoodCreosote,CoalTarDiazinonMirexAndchlordeconeCreosote,CoalTar1,2-Dibromo-N-Nitrosodi-N-PropylamineXylenes3-ChloropropaneN-NitrosodiphenylamineZinc©2000CRCPressLLC23.2.TOXICELEMENTSANDELEMENTALFORMSOzoneOzone(O3,seeChapters9,13,and14)hasseveraltoxiceffects.Aircontaining1ppmbyvolumeozonehasadistinctodor.Inhalationofozoneatthislevelcausessevereirritationandheadache.Ozoneirritatestheeyes,upperrespiratorysystem,andlungs.Inhalationofozonecansometimescausefatalpulmonaryedema.Pulmonaryreferstolungsandedematoanaccumulationoffluidintissuespaces;therefore,pulmonaryedemaisanabnormalaccumulationoffluidinlungtissue.Chromosomaldamagehasbeenobservedinsubjectsexposedtoozone.Ozonegeneratesfreeradicalsintissue.Thesereactivespeciescancauselipidperoxidation,oxidationofsulfhydryl(–SH)groups,andotherdestructiveoxidationprocesses.Compoundsthatprotectorganismsfromtheeffectsofozoneincluderadicalscavengers,antioxidants,andcompoundscontainingsulfhydrylgroups.WhitePhosphorusElementalwhitephosphoruscanenterthebodybyinhalation,byskincontact,ororally.Itisasystemicpoison,thatis,onethatistransportedthroughthebodytositesremotefromitsentrysite.Whitephosphoruscausesanemia,gastrointestinalsystemdysfunction,bonebrittleness,andeyedamage.Exposurealsocausesphossyjaw,aconditioninwhichthejawbonedeterioratesandbecomesfractured.ElementalHalogensElementalfluorine(F2)isapaleyellow,highlyreactivegasthatisastrongoxidant.Itisatoxicirritantandattacksskin,eyetissue,andthemucousmembranesofthenoseandrespiratorytract.Chlorine(Cl2)gasreactsinwatertoproduceastronglyoxidizingsolution.Thisreactionisresponsibleforsomeofthedamagecausedtothemoisttissueliningtherespiratorytractwhenthetissueise