MEMBRANETECHNOLOGYANDAPPLICATIONS

MEMBRANETECHNOLOGYANDAPPLICATIONSMembraneTechnologyandApplications,SecondEdition.RichardW.BakerCopyright2004JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd.ISBN:0-470-85445-6MEMBRANETECHNOLOGYANDAPPLICATIONSSECONDEDITIONRichardW.BakerMembraneTechnologyandResearch,Inc.MenloPark,CaliforniaFirstEditionpublishedbyMcGraw-Hill,2000.ISBN:0071354409Copyright2004JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussexPO198SQ,EnglandTelephone([phone]Email(forordersandcustomerserviceenquiries):[e-mail]@wiley.co.uk,orfaxedto([phone].Thispublicationisdesignedtoprovideaccurateandauthoritativeinformationinregardtothesubjectmattercovered.ItissoldontheunderstandingthatthePublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices.Ifprofessionaladviceorotherexpertassistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalshouldbesought.OtherWileyEditorialOfficesJohnWiley&SonsInc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USAJossey-Bass,989MarketStreet,SanFrancisco,CA94103-1741,USAWiley-VCHVerlagGmbH,Boschstr.12,D-69469Weinheim,GermanyJohnWiley&SonsAustraliaLtd,33ParkRoad,Milton,Queensland4064,AustraliaJohnWiley&Sons(Asia)PteLtd,2ClementiLoop#02-01,JinXingDistripark,Singapore129809JohnWiley&SonsCanadaLtd,22WorcesterRoad,Etobicoke,Ontario,CanadaM9W1L1Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbeavailableinelectronicbooks.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataBaker,RichardW.Membranetechnologyandapplications/RichardW.Baker.—2nded.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0-470-85445-6(Cloth:alk.paper)1.Membranes(Technology)I.Title.TP159.M4B352004660
.28424—dc222003021354BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataAcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibraryISBN0-470-85445-6Typesetin10/12ptTimesbyLaserwordsPrivateLimited,Chennai,IndiaPrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyTJInternational,Padstow,CornwallThisbookisprintedonacid-freepaperresponsiblymanufacturedfromsustainableforestryinwhichatleasttwotreesareplantedforeachoneusedforpaperproduction.CONTENTSPrefaceixAcknowledgmentsforthefirsteditionxiAcknowledgmentsforthesecondeditionxiii1.OVERVIEWOFMEMBRANESCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY1Introduction1HistoricalDevelopmentofMembranes1TypesofMembranes3MembraneProcesses6References142.MEMBRANETRANSPORTTHEORY15Introduction15Solution-diffusionModel18Structure–PermeabilityRelationshipsinSolution-diffusionMembranes48Pore-flowMembranes66ConclusionsandFutureDirections83References843.MEMBRANESANDMODULES89Introduction89IsotropicMembranes90AnisotropicMembranes96MetalMembranesandCeramicMembranes128LiquidMembranes132HollowFiberMembranes133MembraneModules139ConclusionsandFutureDirections154References1554.CONCENTRATIONPOLARIZATION161Introduction161BoundaryLayerFilmModel164viCONTENTSDeterminationofthePecletNumber172ConcentrationPolarizationinLiquidSeparationProcesses176ConcentrationPolarizationinGasSeparationProcesses178Cross-flow,Co-flowandCounter-flow182ConclusionsandFutureDirections189References1895.REVERSEOSMOSIS191IntroductionandHistory191TheoreticalBackground193MembranesandMaterials196ReverseOsmosisMembraneCategories205MembraneSelectivity212MembraneModules214MembraneFoulingControl215MembraneCleaning220Applications221ConclusionsandFutureDirections231References2326.ULTRAFILTRATION237IntroductionandHistory237CharacterizationofUltrafiltrationMembranes238ConcentrationPolarizationandMembraneFouling241MembraneCleaning251MembranesandModules253SystemDesign258Applications262ConclusionsandFutureDirections272References2727.MICROFILTRATION275IntroductionandHistory275Background277Applications295ConclusionsandFutureDirections299References2998.GASSEPARATION301IntroductionandHistory301TheoreticalBackground303MembraneMaterialsandStructure309MembraneModules317CONTENTSviiProcessDesign317Applications327ConclusionsandFutureDirections349References3519.PERVAPORATION355IntroductionandHistory355TheoreticalBackground357MembraneMaterialsandModules363ProcessDesign369Applications372ConclusionsandFutureDirections388References38910.IONEXCHANGEMEMBRANEPROCESSES–ELECTRODIALYSIS393IntroductionandHistory393TheoreticalBackground397ChemistryofIonExchangeMembranes400TransportinElectrodialysisMembranes404SystemDesign411Applications415ConclusionsandFutureDirections422References42211.CARRIERFACILITATEDTRANSPORT425IntroductionandHistory425CoupledTransport431FacilitatedTransport444ConclusionsandFutureDirections459References46012.MEDICALAPPLICATIONSOFMEMBRANES465Intro